Castling
Initial positions of kings and rooks. Kings may castle to the indicated squares.
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White has castled kingside; Black has castled queenside.
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Castling is a move in chess. It consists of moving one’s king two squares toward a rook on the same rank and then moving the rook to the square that the king passed over.[2] Castling is permitted only if neither the king nor the rook has previously moved; the squares between the king and the rook are vacant; and the king does not leave, cross over, or end up on a square attacked by an opposing piece. Castling is the only move in chess in which two pieces are moved at once.[3]
Castling with the king's rook is known as castling kingside or castling short, and castling with the queen's rook is known as castling queenside or castling long.[4] In both algebraic and descriptive notation, castling kingside is written as 0-0 and castling queenside as 0-0-0.
Castling originates from the king's leap, a two-square king move added to European chess between the 14th and 15th centuries, and took on its present form in the 17th century; however, local variations in castling rules were common, persisting in Italy until the late 19th century. Castling does not exist in Asian games of the chess family, such as shogi, xiangqi, and janggi, but it commonly appears in variants of Western chess.
Rules
Description
During castling, the king is transferred two squares toward a rook of the same color on the same rank, and the rook is transferred to the square crossed by the king. There are two forms of castling:
- Castling kingside (castling short) consists of placing the king on the king's knight's square (g1 for White and g8 for Black) and the rook on the king's bishop's square (f1 for White and f8 for Black).
- Castling queenside (castling long) consists of placing the king on the queen's bishop's square (c1 for White and c8 for Black) and the rook on the queen's square (d1 for White and d8 for Black).
Requirements
White cannot castle queenside because the knight is in the way. White can castle kingside.
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Black cannot castle on either side because he is in check by the white queen.
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White to move cannot castle queenside because Black's queen controls c1. White can castle kingside even though the h1-rook is under attack.
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Black cannot castle kingside, as the white queen attacks f8. Black can castle queenside despite the white queen's attack on b8.
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Castling is permissible provided all of the following conditions hold:[5]
- Neither the king nor the rook has previously moved.
- There are no pieces between the king and the rook.
- The king is not currently in check.
- The king does not pass through a square that is attacked by an opposing piece.
- The king does not end up in check. (True of any legal move.)
Conditions 3 through 5 can be summarized with a mnemonic: One may not castle out of, through, or into check.
Castling rules often cause confusion, even occasionally among high-level players.[6] To clarify:
- The rook may be under attack before castling.
- The rook may pass through an attacked square (e.g. White may castle queenside even if Black attacks b1).
- The king may have been in check earlier in the game.
Tim Krabbé's 1985 book Chess Curiosities incorrectly claims that the same-rank requirement was added in 1974 to remove a loophole that allowed a player to castle vertically using an unmoved promoted rook on the e-file; for example, White might castle with a promoted rook on e8 by placing the king on e3 and the rook on e2. The book featured a chess problem with such a move; according to the book, the problem was published in 1973, resulting in the rule being changed the following year. In reality, the original FIDE Laws from 1930 explicitly stated that castling must be done with a king and a rook on the same rank ("traverse" in French).[7] Vertical castling is known as "Pam-Krabbé castling" or "Staugaard castling"; it has never been seen in actual play, but it has been used in a few novelty chess problems.[8][9]
Tournament rules
Under the rules used by FIDE and enforced in most tournaments, castling is considered a king move, so the king must be touched first; if the rook is touched first, a rook move must be made instead. As usual, the player may choose another legal destination square for the king until releasing it. When the two-square king move is completed, however, the player is committed to castling if it is legal, and the rook must be moved accordingly. The entire move must be completed with one hand. A player who illegally attempts to castle must return the king and the rook to their original places and then make a legal king move if possible (which may include castling on the other side). If there is no legal king move, the touch-move rule does not apply to the rook.[10]
Under US Chess Federation rules, a player who intends to castle and touches the rook first would suffer no penalty and would be permitted to castle, provided castling is legal in the position. These tournament rules are not commonly enforced in informal play or commonly known by casual players.[11][12]
Castling rights
An unmoved king has castling rights with an unmoved rook of the same color on the same rank. In the context of threefold and fivefold repetition, two positions with different castling rights are considered to be different positions.
Example
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In a 1986 game between Anatoly Karpov and Tony Miles,[13] play continued from the diagrammed position as follows:
- 22... Ra4 23. Nc3 Ra8 24. Nb5 Ra4 25. Nc3 Ra8 26. Nb5
With his 26th move, Karpov attempted to claim a draw by threefold repetition, thinking that the positions after his 22nd, 24th, and 26th moves were the same. However, it was pointed out to him that the position after his 22nd move had different castling rights than the positions after his 24th and 26th moves, rendering his claim illegal. As a result, Karpov was penalized three minutes on his clock. The game ended in a draw.
Notation
Both algebraic notation and descriptive notation indicate kingside castling as 0-0 and queenside castling as 0-0-0. Portable Game Notation and some publications instead use O-O for kingside castling and O-O-O for queenside castling. ICCF numeric notation indicates castling based on the starting and ending squares of the king; thus, castling kingside is written as 5171 for White and 5878 for Black, and castling queenside is written as 5131 for White and 5838 for Black.
History
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Castling has its roots in the king's leap. There were two forms of the leap: the king would move once like a knight, or the king would move two squares on its first move. The knight move might be used early in the game to get the king to safety or later in the game to escape a threat. This second form was played in Europe as early as the 13th century. In North Africa, the king was transferred to a safe square by a two-move procedure: the king moved to the player's second rank, and the rook and king moved to each other's original squares.[14]
Various forms of castling were developed due to the spread of rule sets during the 15th and 16th centuries which increased the power of the queen and bishop, allowing these pieces to attack from a distance and from both sides of the board, thus increasing the importance of king safety.[15]
The rule of castling has varied by location and time. In medieval England, Spain, and France, the white king was allowed to jump to c1, c2, d3, e3, f3, or g1[16] if no capture was made and the king was not in check and did not move over check; the black king might move analogously. In Lombardy, the white king might also jump to a2, b1, or h1, with corresponding squares applying to the black king. Later, in Germany and Italy, the rule was changed such that the king move was accompanied by a pawn move.
In the Göttingen manuscript (c. 1500) and a game published by Luis Ramírez de Lucena in 1498, castling consisted of moving the rook and then moving the king on separate moves.
The current version of castling was established in France in 1620 and in England in 1640.[17]
In Rome, from the early 17th century until the late 19th century, the rook might be placed on any square up to and including the king's square, and the king might be moved to any square on the other side of the rook. This was called free castling.
In the 1811 edition of his chess treatise, Johann Allgaier introduced the 0-0 notation. He differentiated between 0-0r (right) and 0-0l (left). The 0-0-0 notation for queenside castling was introduced in 1837 by Aaron Alexandre.[18] The practice was adopted in the first edition (1843) of the influential Handbuch des Schachspiels and soon became standard. In English descriptive notation, the word "Castles" was originally spelled out, adding "K's R" or "Q's R" if disambiguation was necessary; eventually, the 0-0 and 0-0-0 notation was borrowed from the algebraic system.
Strategic and tactical concepts
Strategy
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Castling is generally an important goal in the opening: it moves the king to safety away from the center of the board, and it moves the rook to a more active position in the center of the board.
The choice regarding to which side one castles often hinges on an assessment of the trade-off between king safety and activity of the rook. Kingside castling is generally slightly safer because the king ends up closer to the edge of the board and can usually defend all of the pawns on the castled side. In queenside castling, the king is placed closer to the center and does not defend the pawn on the a-file; for these reasons, the king is often subsequently moved to the b-file. In addition, queenside castling is initially obstructed by more pieces than kingside castling is; therefore, it takes longer to set up than kingside castling. On the other hand, queenside castling places the rook more efficiently on the central d-file, where it is often immediately active; meanwhile, with kingside castling, a tempo may be required to move the rook to a more effective square.
One may forgo castling for various reasons. In positions where one's opponent cannot organize an attack on one's centralized king, castling may be unnecessary or even detrimental. In addition, a rook can be more active near the edges of the board than in the center in certain situations, such as if it is able to fight for control of an open or semi-open file.
Kingside castling occurs more frequently than queenside castling. It is common for both players to castle kingside, somewhat uncommon for one player to castle kingside and the other queenside, and rare for both players to castle queenside. If one player castles kingside and the other queenside, it is called opposite (or opposite-side) castling. Castling on opposite sides usually results in a fierce fight, as each player's pawns are free to advance to attack the opposing king's castled position without exposing the player's own castled king. Opposite castling is a common feature of many openings, such as the Yugoslav Attack.
Tactics involving castling
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Tactical patterns involving castling are rare. One pattern involves castling queenside to deliver a double attack: the king attacks a rook (on b2 for White or b7 for Black), while the rook attacks a second opposing piece (usually the king). In the example on the right, from the game Mattison–Millers, Königsberg 1926, Black played 13...Rxb2?? and resigned after 14.0-0-0+, which wins the rook.[19]
Chess historian Edward Winter has proposed the name "Thornton castling trap" for this pattern, in reference to the earliest known example, Thornton–Boultbee, published in the Brooklyn Chess Chronicle in 1884. Other chess writers such as Gary Lane have since adopted this term.[20]
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Another example of tactical castling is illustrated in the diagrammed position from the correspondence game Gurvich–Pampin, 1976. After 1.Qxd8+ Kxd8 2.0-0-0+ Ke7 3.Nxb5, White wins a rook by castling with check and simultaneously unpinning the knight.[21]
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Such a double attack can also be made by castling kingside, though this is much rarer. In this position from the blindfold game Karjakin–Carlsen, 2007, the move 19...0-0 indirectly threatens both to deliver back-rank mate and to win the h7-rook. Black will thus win the g5-knight next move; 20.Rh6 Bxg5 21.Rxg6+ Kh7 22.Rxg5 would not work, as it would be met by 22...Rf1#.[22]
Examples
- Viktor Korchnoi, in his 1974 Candidates final match with Anatoly Karpov, asked the arbiter if castling was legal when the castling rook was under attack.[23] The arbiter answered in the affirmative, Korchnoi executed the move, and Karpov resigned shortly after.[24]
- Castling occurred three times in the game Wolfgang Heidenfeld–Nick Kerins, Dublin 1973. The third instance of castling, the second one by White, was illegal, as the white king had already moved. The game is as follows:[25]
- 1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.Be3 Nf6 4.e5 Nfd7 5.f4 c5 6.c3 Nc6 7.Nf3 Qb6 8.Qd2 c4 9.Be2 Na5 10.0-0 f5 11.Ng5 Be7 12.g4 Bxg5 13.fxg5 Nf8 14.gxf5 exf5 15.Bf3 Be6 16.Qg2 0-0-0 17.Na3 Ng6 18.Qd2 f4 19.Bf2 Bh3 20.Rfb1 Bf5 21.Nc2 h6 22.gxh6 Rxh6 23.Nb4 Qe6 24.Qe2 Ne7 25.b3 Qg6+ 26.Kf1 Bxb1 27.bxc4 dxc4 28.Qb2 Bd3+ 29.Ke1 Be4 30.Qe2 Bxf3 31.Qxf3 Rxh2 32.d5 Qf5 33.0-0-0 Rh3 34.Qe2 Rxc3+ 35.Kb2 Rh3 36.d6 Nec6 37.Nxc6 Nxc6 38.e6 Qe5+ 39.Qxe5 Nxe5 40.d7+ Nxd7 0–1
Averbakh vs. Purdy
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In the game Yuri Averbakh–Cecil Purdy (1960),[26] when Purdy castled queenside, Averbakh queried the move, pointing out that the rook had passed over an attacked square. Purdy indicated c8 and e8 and said "the king" in an attempt to explain that this restriction applied only to the king. Averbakh replied, "Only the king? Not the rook?". Averbakh's colleague Vladimir Bagirov then explained the castling rules to him in Russian, and the game continued.[27][28][29]
Edward Lasker vs. Thomas
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In the game Edward Lasker–Sir George Thomas (London 1912),[30] White could have checkmated with 18.0-0-0#, but he instead played 18.Kd2#.[31] (See Edward Lasker's notable games.)
Prins vs. Day
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The diagram shows the final position of the game Lodewijk Prins–Lawrence Day (1968), where White resigned.[32] Had the game continued, Black could have checkmated by castling:
- 29. Kf6 Qf5+ 30. Kg7 Qg6+ 31. Kh8 0-0-0#
(See Lawrence Day's notable chess games.)
Feuer vs. O'Kelly
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In the 1934 Belgian Championship,[33] Otto Feuer caught Albéric O'Kelly in the Thornton castling trap. In the position in the diagram, the game continued 10...Rxb2 11.dxe5 dxe5?? 12.Qxd8+ Kxd8 13.0-0-0+, and O'Kelly resigned. Feuer's last move simultaneously gave check and attacked the rook on b2.
Fischer vs. Najdorf
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The diagram illustrates the consequences of losing castling rights. Fischer, with the white pieces, played 16.Ng7+ Ke7 17.Nf5+ Ke8.[34] Although all the pieces were now on the same squares, the two positions were not considered identical, as Black, having moved his king, no longer had the right to castle. White now had time to build pressure on the black king without worrying that the king could escape by castling.
Artificial castling
Artificial castling, also known as castling by hand,[35] is a maneuver whereby a player achieves a castled position without the use of castling.[36]
Example
Black to play
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Position after 4.Kg1
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In the first diagram, White has just played 1.Nxe5, capturing a pawn. Black replies:
- 1... Bxf2+?!
Black sees that if he plays 1...Nxe5, White responds with 2.d4, winning back the minor piece with a fork and taking control of the center. Instead of allowing this, Black hopes to cause trouble for White by returning the piece while depriving White of the right to castle. However, White can easily castle artificially. For example:
- 2. Kxf2 Nxe5 3. Rf1
White begins castling artificially.
- 3... Ne7 4. Kg1 (second diagram)
White has achieved a normal castled position via several moves. With the bishop pair and a central pawn majority, White has a slight advantage.
Castling in chess variants
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Variants of Western chess often include castling in their rule sets, sometimes in a modified form.
In variants played on a standard 8×8 board, castling is often the same as in standard chess. This includes variants which replace the king with a different royal piece, as is the case with the knight in Knightmate. Some variants, however, have different rules; for example, in Chess960, the king may move more or fewer than two squares (including none) while castling, depending on the starting position.
Castling can also be adapted to variants with different board sizes and shapes. Some such variants, like Capablanca chess (10×8) or chess on a really big board (16×16), preserve the castling movement of the rooks, meaning it is the king that moves a different distance along the board. Conversely, other games, like Dragonfly (7×7), specify that the king still castles two squares in each direction, and the rook is the piece that moves differently. In a few variants, most notably Wildebeest chess (11×10), the player may choose to move the king any distance and move the rook accordingly.
Castling sometimes features in chess variants not played on a square grid, such as masonic chess, triangular chess, Shafran's and Brusky's hexagonal chess, and millennium 3D chess. In 5D Chess with Multiverse Time Travel, castling is possible within the spatial dimensions but not across time or between timelines.
Some chess variants do not feature castling, such as losing chess, where the king is not royal, and Grand Chess, where the rooks have significantly more opening mobility.
In a handicap game with rook odds, the player giving odds may castle with the absent rook, moving only the king.[37][38]
Chess without castling
Writing in 2019, former world chess champion Vladimir Kramnik proposed a variant of chess where players would not have the ability to castle. This variant would reduce king safety, theoretically leading to more dynamic games, as it would be considerably harder to force a draw and the pieces would be forced to engage in a mêlée.[39] In 2021, former world champion Viswanathan Anand defeated Kramnik in a no-castling exhibition match under classical time controls 2.5-1.5.[40]
Castling in chess problems
Castling features in some chess problems. The earliest known study containing castling was published in 1843 by Julius Mendheim.[41] Castling is common in retrograde analysis problems. By chess problem convention, if a player's king and rook are on their original squares, the player is assumed to have castling rights unless it can be proven otherwise. In some retrograde analysis problems, one of the players (usually White) may castle or capture en passant in order to prove that the opponent has previously moved their king or rook and therefore cannot castle.
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The diagram to the right shows a mate in two. 1.Rad1? 0-0 does not work. The key is 1.0-0-0!, demonstrating that the white king had not moved yet and that the rook on d4 must therefore be a promoted piece, which proves that either the black king or black rook has moved to let it off the back rank, invalidating Black's right to castle; after any move by Black, 2.Rd8# is mate.[42]
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In some joke problems, the manner of castling is altered in some way, usually by ignoring or creatively reinterpreting one of the rules of castling. For instance, in 1907, C. Staugaard composed a twomover where White promotes their pawn to a rook and then castles vertically with the newly promoted rook (with the king ending up on e3 and the rook ending up on e2), since the rook has not moved. It is unclear whether the rules at the time specified that the rook should be on the same rank as the king, which would have made this "vertical castling" illegal.
Some joke chess problems involve castling with a promoted rook of the opponent's color. In orthodox chess, this would be illegal since the rook would be giving check to the king, but if there are fairy conditions in play that prevent check under some circumstances, such castling would have been legal under the 1993 FIDE Laws, which did not specify that the rook and king had to be of the same color.[citation needed]
The diagrammed problem involves castling with an opposing rook. The solution (Black's move being given first per helpmate convention) is:
- 1. Bg7 h8=R 2. Bf6 Kg6 3. 0-0 Kh7#
The allowance of castling with a "phantom rook" in handicap games has also been used in joke problems.[citation needed] Many other joke variations on castling are possible.
Nomenclature
In most European languages, the term for castling is derived from the Persian rukh (e.g. rochieren, rochada, enroque), while queenside and kingside castling are referred to using the adjectives meaning "long" and "short" (or "big" and "small"), respectively.
References
- ^ a b "FIDE Laws of Chess taking effect from 1 January 2018". FIDE. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
- ^ Article 3.8.2 in FIDE Laws of Chess[1]
- ^ Pandolfini, Bruce (1992), Pandolfini's Chess Complete: The Most Comprehensive Guide to the Game, from History to Strategy, Simon & Schuster, ISBN 9780671701864, retrieved 13 January 2014
- ^ (Hooper & Whyld 1992)
- ^ Article 3.8.2 in FIDE Laws of Chess[1]
- ^ Korn, Walter (October 1961). "The Rules of Castling" (PDF). Chess Review. Vol. 29. p. 298. Retrieved 2022-03-03.
on castling, considerable confusion often reigns among beginners
- ^ Règle du Jeu d’Échecs de la F. I. D. E. (édition officielle 1930), (in French), FIDE, 1930 (via wikisource)
- ^ "Staugaard castling at Die Schwalbe".
- ^ "Pam-Krabbé castling at yacpdb".
- ^ (Just & Burg 2003:13–14, 17–18, 23)
- ^ (Just & Burg 2003:13–14, 17–18, 23)
- ^ William Hartston notes in Teach Yourself Chess that "most chess players refrain from demonstrations of ambidexterity."
- ^ "Karpov vs. Miles, 1986". Chessgames.com. Retrieved 2022-03-25.
- ^ (Davidson 1981:48)
- ^ (Davidson 1981:16)
- ^ c1, c2, c3, d3, e3, f3, g1, g2, or g3 according to H. J. R. Murray
- ^ (Sunnucks 1970:66)
- ^ Stefan Bücker: "Was bedeutet 0-0?" (What does 0-0 mean?), in: Kaissiber, No. 18, 2002, pp.70–71
- ^ https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1621031 Mattison-Millers 1926 at chessgames.com
- ^ Edward Winter, C.N. 5916 - ‘Thornton castling trap’ (C.N. 4078), 27 December 2008
- ^ George Huczek (2017). A to Z Chess Tactics. Batsford. pp. 001–349. ISBN 978-1-8499-4446-5.
- ^ Tim Krabbé, Open chess diary, item 391
- ^ "Korchnoi vs. Karpov, Moscow 1974". Chessgames.com.
- ^ Larry Evans (16 July 1995). "Castling Confuses Even Grandmasters". Sun Sentinel.
- ^ "Chess Records". Tim Krabbé. (click on: "Greatest number of castlings")
- ^ "Averbakh vs. Purdy, Adelaide 1960". Chessgames.com.
- ^ Cecil Purdy, Doesn't Know the Moves!, Chess World, October 1960, p, 198, reproduced by Edward Winter, Chess Notes 9622
- ^ (Evans 1970:38–39)
- ^ (Lombardy & Daniels 1975:188)
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