Post-neoliberalism

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Post-neoliberalism, also known as anti-neoliberalism, is a set of ideals characterized by its rejection of neoliberalism and the economic policies embodied by the Washington Consensus.[1][2] While there is scholarly debate about the defining features of post-neoliberalism, it is often associated with economic policies of nationalization and wealth redistribution, opposition to deregulation, financialization, free trade, and the weakening of labour relations, and left-wing politics more generally.[2][3]

The movement has had particular influence in Latin America, where the pink tide brought about a substantial shift towards left-wing governments in the 2000s.[4] Examples of post-neoliberal governments include the former governments of Evo Morales in Bolivia and Rafael Correa in Ecuador.[5]

History

Evo Morales, the former president of Bolivia, is often associated with post-neoliberalism.

The idea of post-neoliberalism arose during the pink tide of the 1990s and 2000s, in which left-wing Latin American critics of neoliberalism like Hugo Chávez and Evo Morales were thrust into power. According to researchers, the election of Chávez as the president of Venezuela in 1999 marked a definite start to the pink tide and post-neoliberal movement.[6][7] Following his election, Rafael Correa, Néstor Kirchner, Evo Morales, and numerous other leaders associated with the post-neoliberal movement were elected in Latin America during the 2000s and 2010s.[2] Into the 2020s, the Chilean president-elect Gabriel Boric, who emerged victorious in the 2021 Chilean general election, pledged to end the country's neoliberal economic model, stating: "If Chile was the cradle of neoliberalism, it will also be its grave."[8]

While the ideas of post-neoliberalism are not exclusive to Latin America, they are largely associated with the region.[9][10] Post-neoliberalism has drawn criticism from the right of the political spectrum; right-wing and far-right critics have claimed that the term itself is vague and populistic, while also arguing that "post-neoliberal" policies harm international investment and economic development.[5]

Ideology

Post-neoliberalism seeks to fundamentally change the role of the state in countries where the Washington Consensus once prevailed.[11] To achieve this, post-neoliberal leaders in Latin America have advocated for the nationalization of several industries, notably the gas, mining, and oil industries.[2] Post-neoliberalism also advocates for the expansion of welfare benefits, greater governmental investment in poverty reduction, and increased state intervention in the economy.[12]

List of anti-neoliberal or post-neoliberal political parties

"If Chile was the cradle of neoliberalism, it will also be its grave."[8]

—Gabriel Boric, 20 December 2021[13]

South America:

North America:

Asia

See also

References

  1. ^ Öniş, Ziya; Şenses, Fikret (November 2003). "Rethinking the Emerging Post-Washington Consensus: A Critical Appraisal" (PDF). ERC Working Papers in Economics. 3 (9). Ankara: Middle Eastern Technical University. Retrieved 14 June 2022. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  2. ^ a b c d Macdonald, Laura; Proulx, Kristina R.; Ruckert, Arne (2017). "Post-Neoliberalism in Latin America: A Conceptual Review". Third World Quarterly. 38 (7): 1583–1602. doi:10.1080/01436597.2016.1259558. S2CID 157767263.
  3. ^ Albo, Gregory; Altvater, Elmar; Bamford, Alec; Bayer, Kurt; Brand, Ulrich; Bond, Patrick; Brie, Michael; Chanyapate, Chanida; Ceceña, Ana Esther; Demirovic, Alex; Gago, Verónica; Melber, Henning; Selkler, Nicola; Sader, Emir; Sum, Ngai-Ling; Sztulkwark, Diego Sztulwark; Wichterich, Christa (2009). Postneoliberalism – A Beginning Debate (issue No. 51, paperback ed.). Uppsala, Sweden: Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation. ISBN 9789185214525. Retrieved 14 June 2022.
  4. ^ Encarnación, Omar G. (9 May 2018). "The Rise and Fall of the Latin American Left". The Nation. Retrieved 14 June 2022.
  5. ^ a b c d Merino, Roger (4 October 2011). "What is 'Post' in Post-Neoliberal Economic Policy? Extractive Industry Dependence and Indigenous Land Rights in Bolivia and Ecuador". Rochester, New York. SSRN 1938677. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  6. ^ a b McLean, Ian; McMillan, Allistair (2009). The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics (3rd ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199207800. Retrieved 14 June 2022 – via Oxford Reference.
  7. ^ a b c Macdonald, Laura; Ruckert, Arne (2009). Post-Neoliberalism in the Americas: An Introduction (E-book ed.). London, England: Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1057/9780230232822. ISBN 9780230232822.
  8. ^ a b Cambero, Fabian (20 December 2021). "Student protest leader to president-elect: Gabriel Boric caps rise of Chile's left". Reuters. Retrieved 14 June 2022.
  9. ^ Grugel, Jean; Riggirozzi, Pia (2012). "Post-neoliberalism in Latin America: Rebuilding and Reclaiming the State after Crisis" (PDF). Development and Change. Blackwell Publishing/International Institute of Social Studies. 43 (1): 1–21. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7660.2011.01746.x. Retrieved 14 June 2022 – via ePrints Soton at the University of Southampton.
  10. ^ Macdonald, Laura; Proulx, Kristina R.; Ruckert, Arne (2017). "Post-Neoliberalism in Latin America: A Conceptual Review". Third World Quarterly. Routledge. 38 (7): 1583–1602. doi:10.1080/01436597.2016.1259558. S2CID 157767263. The main objective of this article is to perform a critical conceptual review of post-neoliberalism to find consensus and discord in the existing literature. ... Although our search was not limited to literature on any specific region, the overwhelming amount of research we encountered was focused on Latin America, with little material identified through the search on post-neoliberalism in Africa or Asia.
  11. ^ Wylde, Cristopher (2012). Latin America After Neoliberalism (hardcover ed.). London, England: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9780230301597. Retrieved 14 June 2022 – via Google Books.
  12. ^ Kaltwasser, Cristóbal Rovira (2011). "Toward Post-Neoliberalism in Latin America?". Latin American Research Review. Latin America Research Commons on behalf of Latin American Studies Association. 46 (2): 225–234. doi:10.1353/lar.2011.0029. ISSN 1542-4278. S2CID 144279718.
  13. ^ "Gabriel Boric: From student protest leader to Chile's president". BBC. 20 December 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2022. When Mr Boric won the candidacy of his leftist bloc to run for president, he made a bold pledge. 'If Chile was the cradle of neoliberalism, it will also be its grave,' he said. 'Do not be afraid of the youth changing this country.'
  14. ^ "Un frente antineoliberal" [An anti-neoliberal front]. Página/12 (in Spanish). 27 October 2018. Retrieved 14 June 2022.
  15. ^ Tharoor, Ishaan (29 October 2019). "The anti-neoliberal wave rocking Latin America". The Washington Post. Retrieved 14 June 2022.
  16. ^ "Socialist Gabriel Boric elected Chile's youngest ever president with highest ever vote tally". Morning Star. 20 December 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2022.
  17. ^ "Declaración de principios de MORENA" (PDF) (in Spanish). Morena. December 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 March 2015. Retrieved 14 June 2022.
  18. ^ "Zhèngcè" 政策 [Policy]. Social Democratic Party. 22 January 2008. Archived from the original on 14 May 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2022.
  19. ^ "Bagnojaui hangug, angwa bakk nolaeleul bulleossdaga 'joein'i doeneun nala, daehanmingug" 박노자의 한국, 안과 밖 노래를 불렀다가 '죄인'이 되는 나라, 대한민국 [Pak Noja's South Korea, inside and outside. A country where you sing song and then become a 'sinner'. That's the Republic of Korea.]. The Hankyoreh. 26 May 2020. Retrieved 14 June 2022. 민중당은 조직 노동자, 비정규직 노동자들의 지지를 받으며 좌파민족주의적 입장에서 신자유주의를 비판하는 정당이다. [Minjungdang-eun jojig nodongja, bijeong-gyujig nodongjadeul-ui jijileul bad-eumyeo jwapaminjogjuuijeog ibjang-eseo sinjayujuuileul bipanhaneun jeongdang-ida.] [Minjung Party is a political party that is supported by organizational and non-regular workers and criticizes neoliberalism from a left-wing nationalist standpoint.]

Further reading

External links

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