Philippine Independent Church

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Philippine Independent Church
Iglesia Filipina Independiente
File:Logo of the Philippine Independent Church (Aglipayan Church).svg
Coat of arms of the Philippine Independent Church
Mottos in Latin: "For God and Fatherland - Scripture, Charity, Knowledge, Liberty"
AbbreviationIFI, PIC
TypeChristianity
ClassificationIndependent Catholic
OrientationAnglican, Religious nationalism
ScriptureBible[1]
TheologyIndependent Catholic doctrine
PolityEpiscopal
Supreme BishopRhee Timbang
AssociationsNational Council of Churches in the Philippines
Christian Conference of Asia
World Council of Churches[2]
Anglican Communion
Union of Utrecht of the Old Catholic Churches
RegionPhilippines
North America
Europe
Middle East
Northeast Asia
LanguageFilipino, Native Philippine regional languages, English, Spanish, Latin
HeadquartersIglesia Filipina Independiente National Cathedral of the Holy Child
Ermita, Manila
FounderIsabelo de los Reyes, Sr.
Gregorio Aglipay
OriginAugust 3, 1902; 121 years ago (1902-08-03)
Manila, Philippine Islands
Separated fromCatholic Church
SeparationsChurch Body of Christ – Filipinista (1966)
Iglesia Catolica Filipina Independiente (Philippine Independent Catholic Church) – ICFI/PICC (1981)[3][4]
63rd and Mothers Apostolic Church of the Philippines (2000s)
Members916,639 (2010)[5]
Other name(s)Aglipayan Church
Official websitewww.ifi.org.ph

The Philippine Independent Church (Spanish: Iglesia Filipina Independiente; Tagalog: Malayang Simbahan ng Pilipinas; Latin: Libera Ecclesia Philippina; colloquially called the Aglipayan Church, IFI, and PIC) is an independent[a] Christian denomination in the form and doctrine of a national church in the Philippines.[b] Its schism from the Catholic Church was proclaimed in 1902 by the members of the Unión Obrera Democrática Filipina, due to the mistreatment of the Filipinos by Spanish priests and the execution of José Rizal during Spanish colonial rule.

Its central office is located at the National Cathedral of the Holy Child in Ermita, Manila. It is the country's first and oldest independent church.[3]

History

President Emilio Aguinaldo and Supreme Bishop Gregorio Aglipay, with some Cabinet officials of the First Philippine Republic, December 1904.
See also: Catholic Church in the Philippines
Gregorio Aglipay in his youth before excommunication.

Gregorio Aglipay and the Philippine Revolution

Main article: Gregorio Aglipay

Gregorio Aglipay was an activist and Roman Catholic priest from Ilocos Norte, who would later be excommunicated by then Archbishop of Manila, Bernardino Nozaleda, for fomenting schism with the Pope (then Pope Leo XIII) in 1899.[7]

During the Philippine Revolution, Isabelo de los Reyes (also known as Don Belong), a journalist and labour activist, and Aglipay acted to reform the Filipino Catholic clergy. Aglipay was the convener of the Filipino Ecclesiastical Council (Paniqui Assembly), in response to Apolinario Mabini's manifesto urging the Filipino clergy to organize a Filipino national Church. He was a member of the Malolos Congress, the lone member coming from the religious sector, although he also represented Ilocos Norte. He was a guerilla leader of Ilocos Norte during the Philippine–American War, with the rank of lieutenant-general.

Post-excommunication and establishment

Following the Philippine–American War, Aglipay and de los Reyes founded the Philippine Independent Church on August 3, 1902.[8] The new church rejected the spiritual authority of the Pope and abolished the celibacy requirement for priests, allowing them to marry. At that time, all of its clergy were former Catholic priests.

De los Reyes was one of the initiators of the separation and suggested that Aglipay[9][10] should be the founding head of the church. At first, Aglipay was reluctant, but eventually accepted de los Reyes' offer to established an independent church. Thus, it became also known as the "Aglipayan Church", after its first Supreme Bishop. Aglipay then named de los Reyes, being a lay person, as Obispo Honorario (Honorary Bishop) of the IFI.[11][12][13]

Afterwards, Aglipay immediately demanded both then Governor-General William Howard Taft and Catholic Church authorities to turn-over the church buildings to him, starting with the Manila Cathedral, but got rejected. A five-year campaign resulted in the acquisition of nearly one-half of the Roman Catholic Church's properties in the country by Aglipay's followers. However, in 1906, the then-conservative Supreme Court of the Philippines ruled that all property that had been occupied by Aglipay's followers had to be returned to the Catholic Church.[14]

Developing theology

Aglipay, like Rizal, later became a Freemason in May 1918. Although not a Mason himself, de los Reyes drew some concepts of theology and worship from them, which was then approved formally by Aglipay.[14] De los Reyes was supported by Miguel Morayta, the Grand Master of the Spanish Orient Lodge of Freemasonry in Madrid.[15][16] The late historian Fr. John N. Schumacher, S.J., contended that Morayta and other non-Filipino laymen pushed Aglipay and de los Reyes towards schism with the Catholic Church because of their resentment towards the activities of Catholic religious orders in the Philippines, rather than Filipino nationalism.[15]

The Aglipayan Church reformed the Latin Tridentine liturgy. Mass in its earliest days were spoken both in Spanish and the vernacular. Aglipay and de los Reyes developed their theology, coming to reject the divinity of Jesus and the concept of the Holy Trinity, becoming theologically Unitarian.[17] Aglipay's unitarian, rationalist, and progressive theological ideas were even evident in the church's "Catecismo" (1905)[18] and "Oficio Divino" (1906).[19] Aglipay held the position of Supreme Bishop until his death in 1940.

On October 10, 1938, de los Reyes died. There were claims that he retracted and returned to the Catholic Church. However, his son, Isabelo de los Reyes Jr., who later became Supreme Bishop, vehemently opposed said claims.[13][20]

Factionalism and schism

From its early days, two principal factions coexisted uneasily within the IFI: one Unitarian (led by Aglipay's successor, Santiago Fonacier) and the other Trinitarian (led by Isabelo de los Reyes Jr., who was elected Supreme Bishop in 1946).

A schism was developed at the tail-end of Fonacier's term, and the Unitarian faction left the church and claimed the right to the name and possession of church properties. In 1947, the church adopted a new declaration of faith and articles of religion that were Trinitarian. It also had its bishops reconsecrated by the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America in 1948 and sued the Unitarian faction for sole rights to the name and property of the original IFI.

After prolonged litigation, in 1955, the Trinitarian faction was finally awarded by the Supreme Court the right to the name and possessions of the original IFI. In 1961, the church was accepted into full communion with the Church of England and the Old Catholic Union of Utrecht in 1965. Fonacier's group, on the other hand, remained Unitarian, but later fragmented into other minor groups.[21][20][22][23]

In 1981, a faction of the church called the "Iglesia Catolica Filipina Independiente" or the "Philippine Independent Catholic Church" (ICFI/PICC), led by Macario V. Ga (fifth Supreme Bishop) and Armando L. de la Cruz, who claimed to have maintained the "original Catholic ethos and doctrine of the church", eventually got registered in the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). The IFI responded by asking the court to prevent the faction from using the name "Iglesia Catolica Filipina Independiente", a variation of its SEC-registered name. The SEC later revoked the certificate of incorporation of the ICFI and ordered to change its name to avoid confusion with the IFI.

The ICFI/PICC appealed and the case reached the Supreme Court, but because of technicalities, the latter ruled to close and terminate the case. To avoid conflict with the IFI, the ICFI/PICC and its chapters registered the name once again in the SEC with a slight modification and variation of the name in 2014 and later in 2019, now known as the "International Conference of Philippine Independent Catholic Churches of Jesus Christ", which is in concordat with the Anglican Church in North America (ACNA).[3][24][25][4]

Present day

IFI congregations are also found throughout the Philippine diaspora in North America, Europe, Middle East, and parts of Asia. The church is the second-largest single Christian denomination in the Philippines, after the Catholic Church (some 80.2% of the population), comprising about 6.7% of the total population of the Philippines. By contrast, the 2010 Philippine Census recorded only 916,639 members in the country, or about 1% of the population.[5]

The church does not discourage its members from joining Freemasonry. Some of the members of the church, like the founders Aglipay and de los Reyes, are political activists, often involved in progressive groups and advocating nationalism, anti-imperialism, democracy, as well as opposing extrajudicial killings. They have often been victims of enforced disappearances and been branded as leftists by the government for being aligned with progressive groups, specifically after Alberto Ramento, the ninth Supreme Bishop, was killed in 2006 for being an anti-government critic.[26][27]

Members of its church refer to themselves as "Aglipayans", "Filipinistas", and "Independientes".[28][29][30]

Doctrine and practice

Liturgy

The main Sunday liturgy is the Eucharist or the Holy Mass, which is spoken and celebrated in the vernacular. The Eucharistic liturgy of the Iglesia Filipina Independiente resembles that of the Roman Missal, with elements taken from the Anglican Book of Common Prayer, such as the Collect for Purity, the positioning of the Peace before the Offertory, the Eucharistic Prayers, and the Prayer of Humble Access. Orders of service and ceremonies are contained in the Filipino ritual and Filipino Missal. Aglipayans adhere in the Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist, and communion is distributed under both kinds. They are non-committal in belief regarding transubstantiation. Being a nationalist church, Aglipayans employ Filipino national symbols in their liturgical practices, such as the use of national colors and motifs, the singing of the national anthem, and the displaying of the national flag in the sanctuary. The church also highly encourages its members to practice tithing as the minimum standard form of Christian giving.[31][32]

Priesthood

The Iglesia Filipina Independiente maintains the historic threefold ministry of bishops, priests, and deacons. Bishops of the Iglesia Filipina Independiente derive their apostolic succession from the Episcopal Church in the United States of America, which was first bestowed on April 7, 1948. The church rejects the exclusive right to apostolic succession by the Petrine Papacy. Clerical celibacy is optional. It allows its priests to marry, rejecting mandatory clerical celibacy.

The Iglesia Filipina Independiente also allows the ordination of women. In May 2019, Emelyn Dacuycuy became the first woman to be ordained bishop in the Iglesia Filipina Independiente.[33][34]

Contraception

Aglipayan bishops joined public demonstrations in support of the Reproductive Health Bill, a legislation advocating for contraception and sex education that the Catholic Church and several other Christian denominations objected to on moral grounds.

LGBTQ rights

Members of the Philippine Independent Church participating in the 2017 Pride March in Marikina City, Philippines.

In 2017, the church released a statement in which it states, among other things, that the IFI has "shown indifference, and have made the LGBTQ people feel less human, discriminated against, and stigmatized." The statement – dubbed "Our Common Humanity, Our Shared Dignity" – stresses the church's position is that it "must openly embrace God's people of all sexes, sexual orientations, gender identities, and expressions."[35]

This apology statement's groundwork first came up in 2014, when a gay man articulated during the church plenary his query about the church's plans for sexual minorities. This led to discussions among the newly-elected set of national youth officers, led by an openly gay president and a lesbian executive vice-president, which would later be succeeded by another openly gay president. The church position on LGBTQ persons was officially adopted by the entire church in February 2017.[35]

Saints

Just like the Catholic Church, IFI members are devotees of saints, however, several saints canonized by Rome after the 1902 schism are not recognized by the IFI church and its members.[31][36][37]

Organization

Main article: Supreme Bishop
See also: List of dioceses of the Philippine Independent Church

The church is led by the Supreme Bishop, similar to a presiding bishop in other denominations. The 13th and current Supreme Bishop is Rhee Timbang, who was elected on May 14, 2017.

Notable churches

A bust of Gregorio Aglipay displayed at the front of the National Cathedral.

The structure of the church buildings of the Philippine Independent Church do not differ significantly from Catholic church buildings in the Philippines.

Cathedral of the Holy Child (National Cathedral)

Interior of the Cathedral of the Holy Child
Main article: Iglesia Filipina Independiente National Cathedral

The Cathedral of the Holy Child in Ermita, Manila is the National Cathedral of the Iglesia Filipina Independiente, and the seat of the Supreme Bishop. Designed by architect Carlos Arguelles, construction of the church began in 1964 and was inaugurated on May 8, 1969, to commemorate the 109th birth anniversary of its first Supreme Bishop, Gregorio Aglipay.[38] The church is made largely of bare concrete and wood and has been noted for having a suspended block with sloping trapezoidal walls and textured with horizontal grooves all throughout, suspended with a triangular block.[39]

María Clara Church

Interior of the Maria Clara Parish Church

Named after the main heroine in Rizal's Noli Me Tángere, the María Clara Church in Santa Cruz, Manila, was originally built as a wooden structure in 1923 before it was expanded and rebuilt as a concrete structure in the 1950s. When the original cathedral of the Iglesia Filipina Independiente in Tondo was destroyed during World War II, the María Clara Church became the temporary office of the Supreme Bishop before relocating in 1969 to the present-day Cathedral of the Holy Child.[38]

Seminaries

The Aglipay Central Theological Seminary (ACTS) in Urdaneta City, Pangasinan is the regional seminary of the church serving the North-Central and South-Central Luzon Dioceses. ACTS offers a Bachelor of Theology and Divinity Programs for members who aspire to enter the ordained ministry. It is a four-year study program with a curriculum focusing on biblical, theological, historical, and pastoral studies with reference to parish management and development and cultural and social context.

The St. Paul's Theological Seminary (SPTS) is the regional seminary of the church serving the Visayas and Mindanao Dioceses.

The St. Andrew's Theological Seminary (SATS) is run by the Episcopal Church in the Philippines, serving both its church and the Iglesia Filipina Independiente.

The St. John the Divine School of Theology is planned to be established in Mindanao.

Churches in communion

The church enjoys full communion with the Anglican Communion since September 22, 1961.[40][41][42]

Relation with the Anglican realignment

The Iglesia Filipina Independiente endorsed a concordat with the Anglican Church in North America, in January 2020, in a meeting held in Melbourne, Florida, which was to be presented for approval at the ACNA's Provincial Council in June.[43]

Notable members

Isabelo de los Reyes, Sr.
Felipe Buencamino
Vicente Sotto
  • Gregorio Aglipay – first Supreme Bishop of the Church, Vicar-General of the Revolutionary Government. The only cleric-delegate present during the creation of the Malolos Constitution.
  • Don Isabelo de los Reyes, Sr. – also known as Don Belong, a prominent Filipino politician, writer, and labour activist in the 19th and 20th centuries. He proclaimed the establishment of the IFI. He is often called the "Father of Filipino Socialism" for his writings and activism with labour unions, most notably the Unión Obrera Democrática Filipina. He was also the first to translate the Bible in Filipino and Ilocano. His son, Isabelo Jr., would later become Supreme Bishop in 1946.
  • Baldomero Aguinaldo – a revolutionary general and cousin of Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo; elected President of the Comite de Caballeros of the IFI in Kawit, Cavite; grandfather of Cesar Virata.
  • Vicente Sotto – dramatist, writer, journalist, foremost anti-friar, the fiery Publisher-Editor of Ang Suga and El Pueblo; and the prominent founder of the Filipino Church in Cebu; grandfather of actor/politician Vicente "Tito" Sotto III and actor-comedian Vic Sotto.
  • Mariano Marcos – lawyer, Japanese collaborator, and a politician from Ilocos Norte. A Congressman from 1925 to 1931. He is best known for being the father of former president and dictator Ferdinand Marcos.
  • Felipe Buencamino, Sr. – co-writer of the Malolos Constitution; Filipino composer. A co-founder of the IFI.
  • Nicolas Buendia – assemblyman of Bulacan from 1935 to 1941 and senator from 1941 to 1946. A co-founder of the IFI.
  • Alberto Ramento – ninth Supreme Bishop; assassinated in 2006 for being a government critic and an active campaigner against Human Rights violations in the Philippines.
  • José Garvida Flores – patriot, prolific Ilokano writer and playwright from Bangui, Ilocos Norte. Composed "Filipinas Nadayag a Filipinas", which is sung during services of the IFI.
  • Ephraim Fajutagana – twelfth Supreme Bishop of IFI from 2011 to 2017.
  • Cesar Virata – fourth Prime Minister of the Philippines (1981–1986) under the Interim Batasang Pambansa and the Regular Batasang Pambansa. One of the Philippines' business leaders and leading technocrats, he served as Finance Minister from 1970 during the Marcos dictatorship to becoming Prime Minister in 1981. He concurrently was Finance Minister throughout the 80's. He is the grandnephew of the first Philippine President, Emilio Aguinaldo.
  • Nilo Tayag – former left-wing personality and current IFI Bishop and social activist. A current member of the Democratic Front for Filipinism.
  • Bayani Fernando – former representative, former mayor of Marikina, and former chairman of the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority.
  • Gedeon G. Quijano – former Governor of Misamis Occidental; son of IFI Bishop Juan P. Quijano.
  • Gardeopatra G. Quijano – dentist, educator, and feminist writer. Women of the Philippine Independent Church (WOPIC) President (1975–1977). Daughter of IFI Bishop Juan P. Quijano.
  • Rhee Timbang – thirteenth and current Supreme Bishop of IFI since 2017.

Former members

  • Ferdinand E. Marcos – former President and dictator of the Philippines (1965–1986); son of Mariano. Raised Aglipayan, but subsequently changed religion to marry Imelda Romualdez of Leyte.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The Philippine Independent Church does not subject its episcopal authority to the Bishop of Rome or to any other Popes prior to the First Vatican Council.
  2. ^ The "2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Philippines" (Section II. Status of Government Respect for Religious Freedom - Legal Framework) states that "the constitution provides for the free exercise of religion and religious worship and prohibits the establishment of a state religion. No religious test is required for the exercise of civil or political rights. The constitution provides for the separation of religion and state."[6]

References

  1. ^ Smit, Peter-Ben. "The Bible in the Iglesia Filipina Independiente". Project MUSE of Johns Hopkins University. Philippine Studies: Historical and Ethnographic Viewpoints, vol. 69 no. 3, 2021, p. 457-480. Retrieved November 3, 2022.
  2. ^ "Philippine Independent Church". World Council of Churches. Retrieved November 2, 2022.
  3. ^ a b c "IFI, ICFI bring war to court". The Philippine Star. December 1, 2000. Retrieved November 1, 2022.
  4. ^ a b "Concordat of Understanding Between The Anglican Church in North America and The Philippine Independent Catholic Churches of Jesus Christ Also Known as Iglesia Catolica Filipina Indpendiente" (PDF). AnglicanChurch.net. The Anglican Church in North America. Retrieved November 1, 2022.
  5. ^ a b "Table 1.10; Household Population by Religious Affiliation and by Sex; 2010" (PDF). 2015 Philippine Statistical Yearbook. East Avenue, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines: Philippine Statistics Authority: 1–30. October 2015. ISSN 0118-1564. Retrieved February 4, 2017.
  6. ^ "2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Philippines". U.S. Department of State. OFFICE OF INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM. June 2, 2022. Retrieved November 3, 2022.
  7. ^ "Pope Orders Sharp Action; Archbishop of Manila Instructed to Excommunicate Philippine National Church Promoters", New York Times, New York, NY: December 29, 1902. p.7
  8. ^ Hermann, Adrian. "Publicizing Independence: The Filipino Ilustrado Isabelo de Los Reyes and the 'Iglesia Filipina Independiente' in a Colonial Public Sphere". JSTOR. Journal of World Christianity, vol. 6, no. 1, 2016, pp. 99–122. Retrieved November 3, 2022.
  9. ^ Achutegui, Pedro S. de & Bernad, Miguel A. (1971) "The Religious Coup d'Etat 1898–1901: a documentary history", in Religious Revolution in the Philippines, Volume III. Manila: University Press (cited in Larkin, John A. "Review 74-- No Title", The Journal of Asian Studies, Nov 1972; 32,1. at Proquest (subscription)
  10. ^ History Archived March 19, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
  11. ^ Religion & Religions, Dominican House of Studies, Quezon City, Philippines, 2nd edition, 1982
  12. ^ "Emilio Aguinaldo Lodge No. 31". Grand Lodge of the Philippines. Retrieved November 2, 2022.
  13. ^ a b Maximiano, Jose Mario Bautista (August 11, 2021). "The Aglipayan Church in our history". Inquirer. Retrieved November 2, 2022.
  14. ^ a b P.A.W.C.I., Philippine-American War Centennial Initiative. "Aglipayanism and the Philippine Independence Church". Northern Illinois University Center for Southeast Asian Studies. The American University. Retrieved November 2, 2022.
  15. ^ a b Schumacher, John N., Revolutionary Clergy: The Filipino Clergy and the Nationalist Movement, 1850-1903, p. 224, Ateneo de Manila U Press, ISBN 971-550-121-4, ISBN 978-971-550-121-7
  16. ^ Denslow, William R., 10,000 Famous Freemasons, Part One, p. 7 (Kessinger Publishing, 2004) ISBN 1-4179-7578-4, ISBN 978-1-4179-7578-5
  17. ^ "Aglipayan Church, The". Harvard Divinity School. Retrieved November 2, 2022.
  18. ^ Catecismo de la Iglesia Filipina Independiente (in Spanish). Manila: Imprenta de Fajardo y Compañía. 1905. Retrieved February 11, 2020. Digitized by the Biblioteca Nacional de España.
  19. ^ Oficio divino de la Iglesia Filipina Independiente (in Spanish). Barcelona: Isabelo de los Reyes. 1906. Retrieved February 11, 2020. Digitized by the Biblioteca Nacional de España.
  20. ^ a b "Our History". IFI.org.ph. IFI official. Retrieved November 1, 2022.
  21. ^ "Philippine Independent Church". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved November 1, 2022.
  22. ^ "History of the AGLIPAYAN CHRISTIAN CHURCH". Net Ministries Network. Retrieved November 1, 2022.
  23. ^ "Aglipayanism and the Philippine Independence Church". Philippine-American War (1899-1902) Centennial Initiative. Foreign Area Studies, The American University, Washington, D.C., 1976 (Area Handbook for the Philippines, Chapter 8: Religions). Retrieved November 1, 2022.
  24. ^ "ARCHBISHOPRIC OF METRO MANILA AND THE ENTIRE PHILIPPINES OF THE P.I.C.C." Companies House PH. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Retrieved November 1, 2022.
  25. ^ "ARCHBISHOPRIC OF METRO MANILA AND THE ENTIRE PHILIPPINES OF THE P.I.C.C." Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved November 1, 2022.
  26. ^ "Filipino bishop Alberto Ramento found stabbed to death". Anglican Communion News Service. October 4, 2006. Retrieved November 1, 2022.
  27. ^ "Justice remains elusive eight years after bishop's murder". Union of Catholic Asian News. October 24, 2017. Retrieved November 1, 2022.
  28. ^ Valiente, Tito Genova. "Epiphany in Lagonoy: The Nationalist Church of Sts. Philip and James". Bicol Mail. Retrieved November 1, 2022.
  29. ^ Victoriano, Enrique L. "What Aglipayans Believe". JSTOR. Ateneo de Manila University (Philippine Studies Vol. 8, No. 2 (APRIL 1960), pp. 292-299 (8 pages)). Retrieved November 1, 2022.
  30. ^ Vego, Herbert (December 10, 2021). "How a Catholic Church turned 'Aglipayan'". Daily Guardian. Retrieved November 2, 2022.
  31. ^ a b "Articles of Religion". Google Sites. IFI. Retrieved November 3, 2022.
  32. ^ "Ten Year Strategic Plan 2014-2024". Google Sites. IFI. Retrieved November 3, 2022.
  33. ^ Vergara, Winfred (May 24, 2019). "First woman bishop makes history in Philippine Independent Church". Episcopal News Service. Retrieved May 30, 2019.
  34. ^ Vergara, Winfred (April 29, 2019). "Philippine Independent Church prepares to consecrate first woman bishop". Episcopal News Service. Retrieved December 14, 2019.
  35. ^ a b "Iglesia Filipina Independiente asks forgiveness from the LGBTQ community, extends hand with pro-equality statement – Outrage Magazine". Outragemag.com. Retrieved November 28, 2018.
  36. ^ Torres, Jose Jr. (August 5, 2021). "Philippine Catholic Church inks documents with nationalist Church for reconciliation, common baptism". Catholic News Agency. Retrieved August 5, 2021.
  37. ^ Aquino, Leslie Ann (August 3, 2021). "Catholic, Aglipayan churches issue statement on mutual recognition of baptism". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved November 2, 2022.
  38. ^ a b "History". Iglesia Filipina Independiente National Cathedral. Archived from the original on April 8, 2015.
  39. ^ Lico, Gerard (2008). Arkitekturang Filipino. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press. ISBN 978-971-542-579-7.
  40. ^ "Anglican Communion: Churches in Communion". Anglican Communion Website.
  41. ^ "The Concordat of Full Communion Between the Iglesia Filipina Independiente and The Episcopal Church". The Episcopal Church. Retrieved November 1, 2022.
  42. ^ Cabillas, Dionito M. (July 3, 2002). "Iglesia Filipina Independiente (Philippine Independent Church) (IFI). (Comments from Churches Involved in Union Negotiations)". Gale Academic OneFile. The Ecumenical Review, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 414+. Retrieved November 1, 2022.
  43. ^ College of Bishops Communiqué, ACNA Official Website, January 2020

External links

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