ATP5F1A

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An Error has occurred retrieving Wikidata item for infobox ATP synthase F1 subunit alpha, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ATP5F1A gene.[1][2]

Function

This gene encodes a subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase. Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, using an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. ATP synthase is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, comprising the proton channel. The catalytic portion of mitochondrial ATP synthase consists of 5 different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled with a stoichiometry of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and a single representative of the other 3. The proton channel consists of three main subunits (a, b, c). This gene encodes the alpha subunit of the catalytic core. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been identified. Pseudogenes of this gene are located on chromosomes 9, 2, and 16.[2]

Structure

The ATP5F1A gene, located on the q arm of chromosome 18 in position 21, is made up of 13 exons and is 20,090 base pairs in length.[2] The ATP5F1A protein weighs 59.7 kDa and is composed of 553 amino acids.[3][4] The protein is a subunit of the catalytic portion of the F1Fo ATPase, also known as Complex V, which consists of 14 nuclear and 2 mitochondrial -encoded subunits. As an alpha subunit, ATP5F1A is contained within the catalytic F1 portion of the complex.[2] The nomenclature of the enzyme has a long history. The F1 fraction derives its name from the term "Fraction 1" and Fo (written as a subscript letter "o", not "zero") derives its name from being the binding fraction for oligomycin, a type of naturally-derived antibiotic that is able to inhibit the Fo unit of ATP synthase.[5][6] The F1 particle is large and can be seen in the transmission electron microscope by negative staining.[7] These are particles of 9 nm diameter that pepper the inner mitochondrial membrane. They were originally called elementary particles and were thought to contain the entire respiratory apparatus of the mitochondrion, but, through a long series of experiments, Efraim Racker and his colleagues (who first isolated the F1 particle in 1961) were able to show that this particle is correlated with ATPase activity in uncoupled mitochondria and with the ATPase activity in submitochondrial particles created by exposing mitochondria to ultrasound. This ATPase activity was further associated with the creation of ATP by a long series of experiments in many laboratories.

Function

Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F1Fo ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F1 - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core, and Fo - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F1 is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Subunits alpha and beta form the catalytic core in F1. Rotation of the central stalk against the surrounding alpha(3)beta(3) subunits leads to hydrolysis of ATP in three separate catalytic sites on the beta subunits. Subunit alpha does not bear the catalytic high-affinity ATP-binding sites.[8]

Clinical significance

Mutations affecting the ATP5F1A gene cause combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 22 (COXPD22), a mitochondrial disorder characterized by intrauterine growth retardation, microcephaly, hypotonia, pulmonary hypertension, failure to thrive, encephalopathy, and heart failure. Mutations on the ATP5F1A gene also cause mitochondrial complex V deficiency, nuclear 4 (MC5DN4), a mitochondrial disorder with heterogeneous clinical manifestations including dysmorphic features, psychomotor retardation, hypotonia, growth retardation, cardiomyopathy, enlarged liver, hypoplastic kidneys and elevated lactate levels in urine, plasma and cerebrospinal fluid.[9]

Resveratrol inhibition of the F1 catalytic core increases adenosine monophosphate (AMP) levels, thereby activating the AMP-activated protein kinase enzyme.[10]

Model organisms

Model organisms have been used in the study of ATP5F1A function. A conditional knockout mouse line, called Atp5a1tm1a(EUCOMM)Wtsi[17][18] was generated as part of the International Knockout Mouse Consortium program — a high-throughput mutagenesis project to generate and distribute animal models of disease to interested scientists.[19][20][21]

Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion.[15][22] Twenty two tests were carried out on mutant mice and five significant abnormalities were observed.[15] No homozygous mutant embryos were identified during gestation, and therefore none survived until weaning. The remaining tests were carried out on heterozygous mutant adult mice and decreased body weight, lean body mass and hypoproteinemia was observed in female animals.[15]

References

  1. ^ Kataoka H, Biswas C (July 1991). "Nucleotide sequence of a cDNA for the alpha subunit of human mitochondrial ATP synthase". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression. 1089 (3): 393–5. doi:10.1016/0167-4781(91)90183-m. PMID 1830491.
  2. ^ a b c d "Entrez Gene: ATP5F1A ATP synthase F1 subunit alpha".
  3. ^ Zong NC, Li H, Li H, Lam MP, Jimenez RC, Kim CS, Deng N, Kim AK, Choi JH, Zelaya I, Liem D, Meyer D, Odeberg J, Fang C, Lu HJ, Xu T, Weiss J, Duan H, Uhlen M, Yates JR, Apweiler R, Ge J, Hermjakob H, Ping P (October 2013). "Integration of cardiac proteome biology and medicine by a specialized knowledgebase". Circulation Research. 113 (9): 1043–53. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.113.301151. PMC 4076475. PMID 23965338.
  4. ^ "ATP synthase subunit alpha, mitochondrial". Cardiac Organellar Protein Atlas Knowledgebase (COPaKB). Archived from the original on 2018-07-20. Retrieved 2018-07-18.
  5. ^ Kagawa Y, Racker E (May 1966). "Partial resolution of the enzymes catalyzing oxidative phosphorylation. 8. Properties of a factor conferring oligomycin sensitivity on mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatase". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 241 (10): 2461–6. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)96640-8. PMID 4223640.
  6. ^ Mccarty RE (November 1992). "A PLANT BIOCHEMIST'S VIEW OF H+-ATPases AND ATP SYNTHASES". The Journal of Experimental Biology. 172 (Pt 1): 431–441. doi:10.1242/jeb.172.1.431. PMID 9874753.
  7. ^ Fernandez Moran H, Oda T, Blair PV, Green DE (July 1964). "A Macromolecular Repeating Unit Of Mitochondrial Structure and Function. Correlated Electron Microscopic and Biochemical Studies of Isolated Mitochondria and Submitochondrial Particles of Beef Heart Muscle". The Journal of Cell Biology. 22 (1): 63–100. doi:10.1083/jcb.22.1.63. PMC 2106494. PMID 14195622.
  8. ^ "ATP synthase subunit alpha, mitochondrial". UniProt. The UniProt Consortium.
  9. ^ "ATP5F1A". NCBI Genetics Home Resource.
  10. ^ Joshi T, Singh AK, Haratipour P, Farzaei MH (2019). "Targeting AMPK signaling pathway by natural products for treatment of diabetes mellitus and its complications". Journal of Cellular Physiology. 234 (10): 17212–17231. doi:10.1002/jcp.28528. PMID 30916407. S2CID 85533334.
  11. ^ "Body weight data for Atp5a1". Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.
  12. ^ "DEXA data for Atp5a1". Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.
  13. ^ "Clinical chemistry data for Atp5a1". Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.
  14. ^ "Citrobacter infection data for Atp5a1". Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.
  15. ^ a b c d Gerdin AK (2010). "The Sanger Mouse Genetics Programme: High throughput characterisation of knockout mice". Acta Ophthalmologica. 88: 925–7. doi:10.1111/j.1755-3768.2010.4142.x. S2CID 85911512.
  16. ^ Mouse Resources Portal, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.
  17. ^ "International Knockout Mouse Consortium".
  18. ^ "Mouse Genome Informatics".
  19. ^ Skarnes WC, Rosen B, West AP, Koutsourakis M, Bushell W, Iyer V, Mujica AO, Thomas M, Harrow J, Cox T, Jackson D, Severin J, Biggs P, Fu J, Nefedov M, de Jong PJ, Stewart AF, Bradley A (June 2011). "A conditional knockout resource for the genome-wide study of mouse gene function". Nature. 474 (7351): 337–42. doi:10.1038/nature10163. PMC 3572410. PMID 21677750.
  20. ^ Dolgin E (June 2011). "Mouse library set to be knockout". Nature. 474 (7351): 262–3. doi:10.1038/474262a. PMID 21677718.
  21. ^ Collins FS, Rossant J, Wurst W (January 2007). "A mouse for all reasons". Cell. 128 (1): 9–13. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.12.018. PMID 17218247.
  22. ^ van der Weyden L, White JK, Adams DJ, Logan DW (June 2011). "The mouse genetics toolkit: revealing function and mechanism". Genome Biology. 12 (6): 224. doi:10.1186/gb-2011-12-6-224. PMC 3218837. PMID 21722353.

Further reading

External links

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.

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