5.5 Metre World Championship

The 5.5 Metre World Championship are international sailing regatta in the 5.5 Metre class organized by the host club and the International 5.5 Metre Class Association and recognized by the World Sailing.

The most titles have been won by Norwegian sailor Kristian Nergaard, with eleven titles between 1990 and 2020 and another six silver medals. The second most titles have been won by Swiss sailor Flavio Marazzi and Swedish sailor Johan Barne, both with six.

The most championships have been won by Swiss sailors, with 20 editions, followed by Norwegian sailors, with eleven titles, and sailors of USA (ten).

The 5.5 Metre was an Olympic class from 1952 to 1968.

History

The first 5.5 Metre World Championship were held in Helsinki in 1961.

Editions

Year	City	Country	Dates	Host Club	Boats	Notes
1961	Helsinki	Finland
1962	Poole	United Kingdom
1963	Seawanhaka	United States		Seawanhaka Corinthian Yacht Club
1964	Tokyo	Japan		part of the 1964 Summer Olympics
1965	Naples	Italy
1966	Copenhagen	Denmark
1967	Nassau	Bahamas
1968	Acapulco	Mexico		part of the 1968 Summer Olympics
1969	Sandhamn	Sweden
1970	Broken Bay	Australia	19–26 February
1971	Seawanhaka	United States
1972	Geneva	Switzerland
1973	Lysekil	Sweden
1974	Sydney	Australia
1975	Neuchâtel	Switzerland
1976	Hankø	Norway
1977	Bénodet	France
1978	Sandhamn	Sweden
1979	Hankø	Norway
1980	Sydney	Australia
1981	Nassau	Bahamas	24–30 March
1982	Geneva	Switzerland
1983	Hankø	Norway	9–16 July
1984	Porto Cervo	Italy	17–27 September
1985	Newport Beach	United States	9–16 September
1986	Sydney	Australia
1987	Hankø	Norway	9–17 July
1988	Geneva	Switzerland	6–14 May
1989	Houston	United States
1990	Torquay	United Kingdom		Royal Torbay Yacht Club
1991	Sydney	Australia		Royal Prince Alfred Yacht Club
1992	Nassau	Bahamas	7-13 April
1993	Hankø	Norway
1994	Crouesty	France
1995	Hankø	Norway	8–12 August
1996	Muiden	Netherlands	13–20 July
1997	Miami	United States	16–21 November
1998	Cowes	United Kingdom
1999	Torbole	Italy	12–19 September
2000	Medemblik	Netherlands	22 July – 4 August
2001	Flensburg	Denmark	6–14 June	Flensburg Segel-Club
2002	Helsinki	Finland	16–27 July
2003	Bénodet	France	24–29 August
2004	Torbole	Italy	6–10 September	Circolo Vela Torbole
2005	Sydney	Australia	4–10 January	Royal Sydney Yacht Squadron
2006	Medemblik	Netherlands	28 July – 2 August
2007	Sanremo	Italy	16–21 September	Yacht Club Sanremo Corso
2008	Nassau	Bahamas	9 March – 14 March
2009	Oslo	Norway	6–10 July	Kongelig Norsk Seilforening (KNS) Royal Norwegian Yacht Club
2010	Torbole	Italy	5–10 September	Circolo Vela Torbole
2011	Helsinki	Finland	31 July – 5 August	HSS Yacht Club
2012	Boltenhagen	Germany	9–14 September	Norddeutscher Regatta Verein
2013	Curaçao	Netherlands Antilles	28 January – 1 February	Hyatt Regency Hotel
2014	Grosseto	Italy	15–28 September	Yacht Club Santo Stefano
2015	Nynäshamn	Sweden	24–29 August	Nynäshamn Yacht Club
2016	Copenhagen	Denmark	22–26 August	Royal Danish Yacht Club
2017	Benodet	France	4–8 September	Yacht Club de L'Odet
2018	Cowes	United Kingdom	20–24 August	Royal Yacht Squadron
2019	Helsinki	Finland	29 July - 2 August	Nylandska Jaktklubben
2020	Pittwater	Australia	9 - 13 January	The Royal Prince Alfred Yacht Club
2021	Hankø	Norway	Cancelled COVID 19
2022	Hankø	Norway	1 - 5 July	Hankø Yacht Club

Multiple World Champions

Ranking	Sailor	Gold	Silver	Bronze	Total	No. Entries
1	Kristian Nergaard (NOR)	11	6	3	20	22
2	Flavio Marazzi (SUI)	6	4	1	11	12
3	Johan Barne (SWE)	6	2	1	9	9
4	Trond Solli Sæther (NOR)	4	3	2	9	9
5	Frank Tolhurst (AUS)	3	2	1	6	11
6	Stefan Haftka (SUI)	3	2	0	5	5
7	Glen Foster (USA)	3	1	2	6	7
8	Philippe Dürr (SUI)	3	1	1	5	8
9	Ronald Pieper (SUI)	3	1	0	4	10
10	Harry Melges II (USA)	3	0	0	3	4
	Mark Covell (GBR)	3	0	0	3	7
12	Jürg Menzi (SUI)	2	5	2	9	22
13	Christoph Burger (SUI)	2	5	0	7	12
14	Daniel Stampfli (SUI)	2	4	1	7	21
15	Robert Symonette (BAH)	2	3	1	6	13
16	Christen Horn Johannessen (NOR)	2	2	2	6	8
17	Jürg Christen (SUI)	2	2	0	4	4
18	Jochen Schümann (GER)	2	1	1	4	5
	Kalle Nergaard (NOR)	2	1	1	4	6
20	Andrew Palfrey (AUS)	2	0	0	2	3
	Christian Wahl (SUI)	2	0	0	2	6
	Jon Mitchell (AUS)	2	0	0	2	2
	Peter O’Donnell (AUS)	2	0	0	2	2
	Phil Smidmore (AUS)	2	0	0	2	3
	Pierre Bonjour (SUI)	2	0	0	2	2

Medalists

Year	Gold	Silver	Bronze	Ref.
1961 Helsinki 38 Boats	Z 36 - Ylliam XIV Louis Noverraz (SUI) Unknown Unknown	D 10 - Web II William Eldred Berntsen (DEN) Paul Elvstrom (DEN) Unknown	I 33 - Volpina Giulio Cesare Carcano (ITA) Unknown Unknown
1962 Poole 25 Boats	US-21 Complex III Britton Chance (USA)	BA-1 John B3 Robert Symonette (BAH)	K-32 Bjarne Chris Hall (GBR)
1963 Seawanhaka Boats	Chaje II Raymond Hunt (USA)	Rush VII Lars Thörn (SWE)	Pride Ernest Fay (USA)
1964	Not Held - Olympic Year
1965 Napoli Boats	I-42 - Grifone Agostino Straulino (ITA)	KA-9 - Southern Cross III Norman Booth (AUS)	US-51 - Complex V Gardner Cox (USA)
1966 Copenhagen Boats	D-11 Web III Paul Bert Elvstrøm (DEN) Strit Johansen Paul Mik Meyer	G-13 Sünnschien Rudi Harmsdorf (GER)	K - Yeoman Robin Aisher (GBR)
1967 Nassau Boats	US-72 Cloud IX Gordon Lindemann (USA) Gordon Bowers (USA) Harry Melges II (USA)	K - Yeoman XV Robin Aisher (GBR)	US - Cadenza Gardner Cox (USA)
1968	Not Held - Olympic Year
1969 Sandhamn Boats	F - Cybèle Jean-Marie le Guillou (FRA) Nikolas le Guillou Daniel Tassin	S - Wasa IV Ulf Sundelin (SWE) Jörgen Sundelin Peter Sundelin	S - Tomatoe Thomas B. Nathhorst (SWE) Håkan Lindquist Claes Boje
1970 Sydney Boats	KA-25 Carabella David Forbes (AUS) Kevin McCann (AUS) Jim Gannon (AUS)	US-73 Nemesis Ted Turner (USA)	US-81 Sundance Ernest Fay (USA)
1971 Seawanhaka Boats	US-83 Tiger Ted Turner (USA)	KA-25 Carabella David Forbes (AUS)	N-33 Bingo II King Olav (NOR)
1972 Genève Boats	Z-83 Alphée VI Claude Bigar (SUI)	US-83 Tiger Ted Turner (USA)	US-81 Sundance Ernest Fay (USA)
1973 Lysekil Boats	US-81 Sundance Ernest Fay (USA) Harry Melges II (USA) Unknown	BA-?? John B V Robert Symonette (BAH)	KA-29 Antares M. Morris (AUS)
1974 Sydney Boats	KA-31 - Southern Cross IV Norman Booth (AUS) Peter O’Donnell (AUS) Carl Ryves (AUS)	N-34(KA-32) Skagerak Crown Prince Harald (NOR)	KA-26 Barragoola R. Slade (AUS)
1975 Neuchâtel Boats	no champion decided
1976 Hankø Boats	KA-28 Arunga Frank Tolhurst (AUS) Mark Tolhurst (AUS) Norman Hyett (AUS)	US-81 Sundance Ted Turner (USA)	N-65 Bingo II King Olav (NOR)
1977 Bénodet 22 Boats	KA 31 - Antares II Harold Vaughan (AUS) Ron McLaine (AUS) Phil Smidmore (AUS)	John B Robert Symonette (BAH) Ulf Sundelin (SWE) Gavin McKinney (BAH)	Z-112 Odyssée V Jean Lauener (SUI) Unknown Unknown
1978 Sandhamn 19 Boats	KA 31 - Arunga III Frank Tolhurst (AUS) Jon Mitchell (AUS) Steve Gosling (AUS)	Ilias Hans Aeppli (SUI)	Joker IV Thomas Sprecher (SUI)
1979 Hankø 19 Boats	KH-31 Arunga III Frank Tolhurst (AUS) Jon Mitchell (AUS) Keith Ravell (AUS)	L-30 Patricia M. Rouhiainen (FIN)	US-84 Wildfire Albert Fay (USA)
1980 Sydney 19 Boats	John B 6 Robert Symonette (BAH)	KA-31 Arunga III Frank Tolhurst (AUS)	US-84 Wildfire Albert Fay (USA)
1981 Nassau 18 Boats	Rapsody Roy Tutty (AUS) Phil Smidmore (AUS) Colin Beashal (AUS)	KA 31 - Arunga III Frank Tolhurst (AUS) Mark Tolhurst (AUS) Unknown	Pop's John B Robert Symonette (BAH) Gavin McKinney (BAH) Unknown
1982 Genève 40 Boats	Z-129 Saphir Jean-Claude Vuithier (SUI) - L'Huillier - Serrasin	Z - Onyx Pierre-Yeves Firmenich (SUI) - Psarophagis - Truant	Z-130 Naryl Philippe Dürr (SUI) - Homberger - Lehmann
1983 Hankø 26 Boats	US-87 - Firestorm Albert Fay (USA) Harry Melges II (USA) Unknown	KA 38 - Arunga IV Jens Busch (SWE)	US - Warrior III T. Omohundro (USA)
1984 Porto Cervo 22 Boats	Z - Naryl Philippe Dürr (SUI) - Vouga - Homberger	N - Norna XI Prince Harald (NOR)	US - Warrior III T. Omohundro (USA)
1985 Newport Beach 14 Boats	Z-130 Sinaryl Philippe Dürr (SUI)	US - Warrior IV T. Omohundro (USA)	US-86 Morea Robert Mosbacher (USA)
1986 Sydney 18 Boats	BA-1 John B VII Robert Symonette (BAH) Ulf Sundelin (SWE) Michael Baker-Harber (GBR)	L - Helena T. Jungell (FIN) Unknown Unknown	BA 11 - Busy B J.E. Dyvi (NOR) Unknown Unknown
1987 Hankø 31 Boats	Artémis VII Ronald Pieper (SUI)	L-31 Vinnia Peter Tallberg (FIN)	US 87 - Firestorm Albert Fay (USA)
1988 Genève 52 Boats	Z 150 - Tasman Rico Gregorini (SUI)	Z 130 - Sinaryl Philippe Dürr (SUI)	Z 144 - Maria-Christina Jürg Weber (SUI)
1989 Houston 18 Boats	US 87 - Firestorm George Francisco IV (USA) Unknown Unknown	Above the Line Peter Masterson (USA) Tom Dickey Unknown	Southern Cross 5 Frank Tolhurst (AUS) Unknown Unknown
1990 Torquay 24 Boats	N 55 - Alfredo Kalle Nergaard (NOR) Kristian Nergaard (NOR) Espen Stokkeland (NOR)	US 93 - Above the Line Peter Masterson (USA) Tom Dickey Unknown	US 87 - Firestorm Albert Fay (USA) Unknown Unknown
1991 Sydney 15 Boats	Z 169 - Chlika-Chlika Christian Wahl (SUI) Philippe Dürr (SUI) Pierre Bonjour (SUI)	US 95 - Thunderbunny M. Haines (USA) Unknown Unknown	N 55 - Alfredo Kalle Nergaard (NOR) Kristian Nergaard (NOR) Herman Horn Johannesen (NOR)
1992 Nassau 20 Boats	Z 169 - Chlika-Chlika Christian Wahl (SUI) Pierre Bonjour (SUI) Alain Marchand (SUI)	US 93 - Above the Line Peter Masterson (USA) Tom Dickey Unknown	L 39 - Dodo Henrik Dahlmann (FIN) Unknown Unknown
1993 Hankø 33 Boats	N 57 - Zenda Corn Kristian Nergaard (NOR) Kalle Nergaard Christen Horn Johannesen	DoDo Too Henrik Dahlmann (FIN) Unknown Unknown	USA-97 - My Shout Glen Foster (USA) Unknown Unknown
1994 Crouesty 41 Boats	Z 181 - Odyssée Junior Dominique Lauener (SUI) Unknown Unknown	N 57 - Zenda Corn Kalle Nergaard (NOR) Kristian Nergaard (NOR) Christen Horn Johannesen (NOR)	f 49 - Romeo e Giulietta Marc Pajot (FRA) Unknown Unknown
1995 Hanko 18 Boats	USA-97 - My Shout Glen Foster (USA)	Z 181 - Odyssée Junior Dominique Lauener (SUI)	FIN-40 Dododoo Henrik Dahlmann (FIN)
1996 Muiden 41 Boats	N 57 - Zenda Corn Kristian Nergaard (NOR) Christen Horn Johannesen (NOR) Dag Usterud (NOR)	USA-97 - My Shout Glen Foster (USA) Unknown Unknown	SUI-188 - Baba Jaga Christof Wilke (SUI) Unknown Unknown
1997 Key Biscane 12 Boats	USA 97 - My Shout Glen Foster (USA) Ronald Rosenburg (USA) Mark Covell (GBR)	SUI 199 - Ali Baba Bruno Marazzi (SUI) Flavio Marazzi (SUI) Renato Marazzi (SUI)	FIN 44 - Kandoo Erik Dahlmann (FIN)< Mathias Dahlmann Tom Borrenius
1998 Cowes 26 Boats	USA-97 - My Shout Glen Foster (USA) Mark Covell (GBR) William Bennet (USA)	SUI-194 Marie-Françoise XIII Jürg Menzi (SUI) Dino Fumasoli (SUI) Daniel Stampfli (SUI)	SUI-192 Artémis X Roni Pieper (SUI) Mark Dangel (SUI) Ralph Junker (SUI)
1999 Torbole 32 Boats	SUI 201 - Marie Francoise XIV Jürg Menzi (SUI) Juerg Christen (SUI) Daniel Stampfli (SUI)	SUI 199 - Ali Baba Bruno Marazzi (SUI) Flavio Marazzi (SUI) Renato Marazzi (SUI)	USA 97 - My Shout Glen Foster (USA) Ronald Rosenburg|USA}} William Bennet (USA)
2000 Medemblik 34 Boats	SUI 201 - Marie Francoise XIV Jürg Menzi (SUI) Daniel Stampfli Jürg Christen	SUI 189 - Pungin Hans-Peter Schmid (SUI) Lionel Rupp Roland Baumgartner	BAH 17 - John B Once Again Gavin McKinney (BAH) Lars Petter Fjeld (NOR) Craig Symonette (BAH)
2001 Glücksburg 38 Boats	SUI 205 - Artémis XI Jochen Schümann (GER) Roni Pieper (SUI) Peter van Niekerk (NED)	SUI 204 - Marie-Françoise XV Jürg Menzi (SUI) Jürg Christen (SUI) Daniel Stamfli (SUI)	BAH 17 - John B Once Again Gavin McKinney (BAH) Craig Symonette (BAH) Joe Thompson
2002 Helsinki 29 Boats	SUI 206 - Ali Baba Bruno Marazzi (SUI) Flavio Marazzi (SUI) Renato Marazzi (SUI)	SUI 204 - Marie Francoise XV Jürg Menzi (SUI) Juerg Christen (SUI) Daniel Stampfli (SUI)	BAH 17 - John B Once Again Gavin McKinney (BAH) Craig Symonette (BAH) Lars Horn Johannessen (NOR)
2003 Bénodet 36 Boats	NOR 57(b) - Artémis XII Kristian Nergaard (NOR) Mark Covell (GBR) Peter Hauff (NOR)	FIN 47 - Addam³ Johan Gullichsen (FIN) Henrik Lundberg (FIN) Timo Telkola (FIN)	SUI 204 - Marie-Françoise XV Jürg Menzi (SUI) Leonardi Gaume (SUI) Daniel Stamfli (SUI)
2004 Torbole 36 Boats	SUI 206 - Ali Baba Flavio Marazzi (SUI) Enrico De Maria (SUI) Stefan Haftka (SUI)	SUI 204 - Marie-Françoise XV Jürg Menzi (SUI) Leonardi Gaume (SUI) Daniel Stamfli (SUI)	FIN 47 - Addam³ Johan Gullichsen (FIN) Henrik Lundberg (FIN) Timo Telkola (FIN)
2005 Sydney 27 Boats	SUI 210 - Artémis X Jochen Schümann (GER) Roni Pieper (SUI) Unknown	FIN 47 - Addam³ Johan Gullichsen (FIN) Unknown Unknown	SUI 206 - Ali Baba Bruno Marazzi (SUI) Flavio Marazzi (SUI) Unknown
2006 Medemblik 41 Boats	SUI 219 - Ali Baba Flavio Marazzi (SUI) Etienne Huter Stefan Haftka	SUI 220 - Artémis XI Jochen Schümann (GER) Peter van Niekerk (NED) Ronald Pieper (SUI)	NED 35 - Maitresse Hans Nadorp (NED) Frans van Schellen (NED) Erik Wesselman (NED)
2007 Sanremo Boats	SUI 219 - Ali Baba Flavio Marazzi (SUI) Stefan Haftka (SUI) Erkki Heinonen (FIN)	NOR 57(c) (SUI 220) - Artemis XIV Kristian Nergaard (NOR) Mark Strube (USA) Harald Blom Bakke (NOR)	BAH 19 - John B Gavin McKinney (BAH) Peter Hauff (NOR) Petter Field (NOR)
2008 Nassau 18 Boats	NOR 57(c) - Artemis XIV Kristian Nergaard (NOR) Harry Melges III (USA) Mark Strube (USA)	SUI 219 - Ali Baba Flavio Marazzi (SUI) Stefan Haftka (SUI) Renato Marazzi (SUI)	BAH 19 - John B Gavin McKinney (BAH) Peter Hauff (NOR) Lars Horn Johannesen (NOR)
2009 Hankø Boats	NOR 57(c) - Artemis XIV Kristian Nergaard (NOR) Johan Barne (SWE) Petrus Eide (NOR)	NOR 65 - Odlo Christoph Burger (NOR) Christof Wilke (SUI) Marcel Simon (SUI)	NOR 64 - Clark Kent Petter Fjeld (NOR) Christen Horn Johannessen (NOR) Thomas Borgen (NOR)
2010 Lake Garda 29 Boats	SUI - Ali-Baba Flavio Marazzi (SUI) Andrew Palfrey (AUS) Christof Wilke (SUI)	NOR 57(c) - Artemis XIV Kristian Nergaard (NOR) Peer Moberg (NOR) Petter Mørland Pedersen (NOR)	FIN 66 - Kan-Bei 2 Kenneth Thelen (FIN) Thomas Hallberg (FIN) Robert Nyberg (FIN)
2011 Helsinki 29 Boats	FIN 66 - Kan-Bei 2 Kenneth Thelen (FIN) Thomas Hallberg (FIN) Robert Nyberg (FIN)	NOR 57(c) - Artemis XIV Kristian Nergaard (NOR) Trond Solli Sæther (NOR) Christen Horn Johannessen (NOR)	SUI 222 - Marie Françoise XVIII Jürg Menzi (SUI) Andreas Honegger Christof Wilke (SUI)
2012 Boltenhagen 37 Boats	NOR 57(c) - Artemis XIV Kristian Nergaard (NOR) Johan Barne (SWE) Trond Solli Sæther (NOR)	SUI 224 - Ali-Baba Flavio Marazzi (SUI) Stefan Haftka Marc Friedrich	GER 55 - Oro Nero Jochen Schümann (GER) Henning Ueck (GER) Ole Hansen (GER)
2013 Curaçao 21 Boats	GER 79 Marcus Wieser (GER) Frithjof Kleen (GER) Thomas Auracher (GER)	NOR 57(c) - Artemis XIV Kristian Nergaard (NOR) Johan Barne (SWE) Trond Solli Sæther (NOR)	NOR 64 - Clark Kent Petter Fjeld (NOR) Thomas Borgen (NOR) Christen Horn Johannessen (NOR)
2014 Porto Santo Stefano 37 Boats	SUI 224 - Ali Baba Flavio Marazzi (SUI) Jakob Gustafsson (SWE) Christoph Burger (SUI)	NOR 57(c) - Artemis XIV Kristian Nergaard (NOR) Johan Barne (SWE) Trond Solli Sæther (NOR)	BAH 19 - John B Gavin McKinney (BAH) Thomas Hallberg (FIN) Lars Horn Johannessen (NOR)
2015 Nynäshamn 29 Boats	NOR 57(c) - Artemis XIV Kristian Nergaard (NOR) Johan Barne (SWE) Trond Solli Sæther (NOR)	BAH 22 - John B Gavin McKinney (BAH) Thomas Hallberg (FIN) Lars Horn Johannessen (NOR)	BAH 21 - New Moon Mark Holowesko (BAH) Petter Mørland Pedersen (NOR) Peter Vlasov (BAH)
2016 Copenhagen 35 Boats	NOR 57(c) - Artemis XIV Kristian Nergaard (NOR) Johan Barne (SWE) Trond Solli Sæther (NOR)	DEN 19 - Arnold P Bo Selko (DEN) Rasmus Knude Mikael Pedersen	BAH 22 - John B Gavin McKinney (BAH) Thomas Hallberg (FIN) Lars Horn Johannessen (NOR)
2017 Bénodet 26 Boats	BAH 22 - John B Gavin McKinney (BAH) Mathias Dahlman (FIN) Lars Horn Johannessen (NOR)	BAH 21 - New Moon Mark Holowesko (BAH) Christoph Burger (SUI) Peter Vlasov (BAH)	NED 26 - Feng Shui Arend Jan Pasman (NED) Ron Azier Kim Chabani
2018 Cowes Boats	BAH 21 - New Moon Mark Holowesko (BAH) Christoph Burger (SUI) Peter Vlasov (BAH)	SUI 218 - Marie Françoise XVX Jürg Menzi (SUI) Jurgen Eiermann (GER) Bo Selko (DEN)	NOR 57(c) - Artemis XIV Kristian Nergaard (NOR) Kristoffer Spone Trond Solli Sæther (NOR)
2019 Helsinki 24 Boats	NOR 57(c) - Artemis XIV Kristian Nergaard (NOR) Johan Barne (SWE) Trond Solli Sæther (NOR)	BAH 21 - New Moon Mark Holowesko (BAH) Christoph Burger (SUI) Peter Vlasov (BAH)	BAH 22 - John B Gavin McKinney (BAH) Mathias Dahlman (FIN) Lars Horn Johannessen (NOR)
2020 Pittwater 24 Boats	NOR 57(c) - Artemis XIV Kristian Nergaard (NOR) Johan Barne (SWE) Anders Pedersen (NOR)	BAH 24 - New Moon Mark Holowesko (BAH) Christoph Burger (SUI) Peter Vlasov (BAH)	BAH 23 - Ali Baba Craig Symonette (BAH) Flavio Marazzi (SUI) Will Alloway (GBR)
2021	Cancelled due to COVID 19
2022 Hankø 23 Boats	GBR 42 - Jean Genie Elliot Hanson (GBR) Andrew Palfrey (AUS) Samuel Haines (AUS)	BAH 24 - NEW MOON II Mark Holowesko (BAH) Christoph Burger (SUI) Anthony Nossiter (AUS)	NOR 57(c) - Artemis'' Kristian Nergaard (NOR) Johan Barne (SWE) Trond Solli Sæther (NOR)

See also

• World championships in sailing
• World Sailing