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Hamas (UK: /hæˈmæs, ˈhæmæs/, US: /hɑːˈmɑːs, ˈhɑːmɑːs/; Arabic: حماس, romanized: Ḥamās, IPA: [ħaˈmaːs]; an acronym of حركة المقاومة الإسلامية Ḥarakah al-Muqāwamah al-ʾIslāmiyyah, lit. 'Islamic Resistance Movement') is a Palestinian Sunni-Islamic fundamentalist organization, with roots to the Muslim Brotherhood. Their leader Ismail Haniyeh is based in Qatar. Hamas has been designated as a terrorist organization by Canada, the European Union, Israel, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, Paraguay, the United Kingdom and the United States. It is not considered a terrorist organization by Brazil, China, Egypt, Iran, Norway, Qatar, Russia, Syria and Turkey. In December 2018, a UN resolution for all members to designate Hamas as a terrorist organization failed to pass the United Nations General Assembly.

The social service wing for Hamas is Dawah, and their military wing is the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades. Following the 2007 Battle of Gaza, Hamas prevailed in the 2006 Palestinian legislative election, and became the de facto governing authority of the Gaza Strip. It holds a majority in the parliament of the Palestinian National Authority (PNA).

Hamas has "vowed to annihilate Israel, and has been responsible for many suicide bombings and other deadly attacks on civilians and Israeli soldiers." On October 7, 2023 armed terrorists launched a surprise attack on Israel that coincided with the Jewish Sabbath and a religious holiday. They pushed their way into Israeli towns on bulldozers, motorbikes, and hang gliders killing an unverified number of Israelis, reported to be anywhere from 700–1400, while kidnapping dozens or possibly hundreds of hostages, including women, children and infants. French President Emmanuel Macron referred to it as "the worst terrorist attack in [Israel's] history." During the first four weeks of Israel's retaliation, which involved an intensified military offense, approximately 10,000 people in Gaza were killed, creating a humanitarian crisis in the region.

Overview

Hamas was founded in 1987,[a] after the First Intifada broke out, as an offshoot of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood[2] which in its Gaza branch had previously been nonconfrontational toward Israel and hostile to the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO).[3] Co-founder Sheik Ahmed Yassin said in 1987, and the Hamas Charter affirmed in 1988, that Hamas was founded to liberate Palestine, including Israel, from Israeli occupation and to establish an Islamic state in the area that later is Israel, the West Bank and the Gaza Strip.[4]

Since 1994,[5] the group has stated that it would accept a truce[b] if Israel withdraws to the 1967 borders, paid reparations, allowed free elections in the territories[7] and gave Palestinian refugees the right to return.[c]

Israel and Hamas have engaged in wars.[9] Hamas's military wing has launched attacks against Israeli civilians and soldiers, describing them as retaliations, in particular for assassinations of the upper echelon of their leadership.[10] Tactics have included suicide bombings ... Read more

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Hamas Next Arrow.svg

The Islamic Resistance Movement, abbreviated Hamas[d] (the Arabic acronym from حركة المقاومة الإسلامية),[13][e] is a Palestinian nationalist Sunni Islamist[14] political organisation with a military wing, the Qassam Brigades. It has governed the Israeli-occupied Gaza Strip since 2007.[15][16]

The Hamas movement was founded by Palestinian Islamic scholar Ahmed Yassin in 1987, after the outbreak of the First Intifada against the Israeli occupation. It emerged from his 1973 Mujama al-Islamiya Islamic charity affiliated with the Muslim Brotherhood.[17] In the 2006 Palestinian legislative election, Hamas secured a majority in the Palestinian Legislative Council by campaigning on promises of a corruption-free government and advocating for resistance as a means to liberate Palestine from Israeli occupation.[18][19] In the Battle of Gaza, Hamas seized control of the Gaza Strip from rival Palestinian faction Fatah,[20][21] and has since governed the territory separately from the Palestinian National Authority. After Hamas's takeover, Israel significantly intensified existing movement restrictions and imposed a complete blockade of the Gaza Strip.[22] Egypt began its blockade of Gaza in 2007. This was followed by multiple wars with Israel, including those in 2008–09, 2012, 2014, 2021, and an ongoing one since 2023, which began with the 7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel.

Hamas has promoted Palestinian nationalism in an Islamic context.[23] While initially seeking a state in all of former Mandatory Palestine it began acquiescing to 1967 borders in the agreements it signed with Fatah in 2005, 2006 and 2007.[24][25][26] In 2017, Hamas released a new charter[27] that supported a Palestinian state within the 1967 borders without recognizing Israel.[28][29][30] Hamas's repeated offers of a truce (for a period of 10–100 years) based on the 1967 borders are seen by many as consistent with a two-state solution,[31][32] while others state that Hamas retains the long-term objective of establishing one state in former Mandatory Palestine. While the 1988 Hamas charter was widely described as antisemitic,[33] Hamas's 2017 charter removed the antisemitic language and said Hamas's struggle was with Zionists, not Jews.[34][35][36][37] It has been debated whether the charter has reflected an actual change in policy.

In terms of foreign policy, Hamas has historically sought out relations with Egypt,[38] Iran,[38] Qatar,[39] Saudi Arabia,[40] Syria[38] and Turkey;[41] some of its relations have been impacted by the Arab Spring.[42][clarification needed] Hamas and Israel have engaged in protracted armed conflict. Key aspects of the conflict include the Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip, the status of Jerusalem, Israeli settlements, borders, water rights,[43] the permit regime, Palestinian freedom of movement,[44] and the Palestinian right of return. Hamas has attacked Israeli civilians, including using suicide bombings, as well as launching rockets at Israeli cities. A number of countries, including Australia, Canada, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States, as well as the European Union, have designated Hamas as a terrorist organization. In 2018, a motion at the United Nations to condemn ... Read more


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References
  1. ^ Jamal 2005, p. 197, n.21.
  2. ^ Milton-Edwards 2015, p. 93.
  3. ^ Lindholm Schulz 1999, p. 76.
  4. ^ Mattar 2005, p. 196.
  5. ^ Zweiri 2006, p. 683.
  6. ^ Inbar 2007, p. 193.
  7. ^ Inbar 2007, p. 132.
  8. ^ Milton-Edwards & Farrell 2013, pp. 7–8.
  9. ^ Sinai 2019, pp. 273–90.
  10. ^ Atkins 2004, p. 123.
  11. ^ "Hamas, n. meanings, etymology and more". Oxford English Dictionary.
  12. ^ Taraki, Lisa (January–February 1989). "The Islamic Resistance Movement in the Palestinian Uprising". Middle East Report. No. 156. Tacoma, WA: MERIP. pp. 30–32. doi:10.2307/3012813. ISSN 0899-2851. JSTOR 3012813. OCLC 615545050. Archived from the original on February 1, 2022. Retrieved February 1, 2022.
  13. ^ "HAMAS". National Counterterrorism Center. Director of National Intelligence#Office of the Director of National Intelligence. September 2022. Archived from the original on 1 November 2023. Retrieved February 4, 2024.
  14. ^ Lopez, Anthony; Ireland, Carol; Ireland, Jane; Lewis, Michael (2020). The Handbook of Collective Violence: Current Developments and Understanding. Taylor & Francis. p. 239. ISBN 9780429588952. The most successful radical Sunni Islamist group has been Hamas, which began as a branch of the Muslim Brotherhood in Palestine in the early 1980s. It used terrorist attacks against civilians - particularly suicide bombings – to help build a larger movement, going so far as to emerge as the recognized government of the Gaza Strip in the Palestine Authority.
  15. ^ Kear 2018, p. 22.
  16. ^ "What is Hamas? A simple guide to the armed Palestinian group". Al Jazeera. 2023-10-08. Archived from the original on 2023-10-08. Retrieved 2024-06-26.
  17. ^ Higgins, Andrew (January 24, 2009). "How Israel Helped to Spawn Hamas". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on September 26, 2009. Retrieved January 25, 2023. When Israel first encountered Islamists in Gaza in the 1970s and '80s, they seemed focused on studying the Quran, not on confrontation with Israel. The Israeli government officially recognized a precursor to Hamas called Mujama Al-Islamiya, registering the group as a charity. It allowed Mujama members to set up an Islamic university and build mosques, clubs and schools. Crucially, Israel often stood aside when the Islamists and their secular left-wing Palestinian rivals battled, sometimes violently, for influence in both Gaza and the West Bank. 'When I look back at the chain of events I think we made a mistake,' says David Hacham, who worked in Gaza in the late 1980s and early '90s as an Arab-affairs expert in the Israeli military. 'But at the time nobody thought about the possible results.' Israeli officials who served in Gaza disagree on how much their own actions may have contributed to the rise of Hamas. They blame the group's recent ascent on outsiders, primarily Iran. This view is shared by the Israeli government. 'Hamas in Gaza was built by Iran as a foundation for power, and is backed through funding, through training and through the provision of advanced weapons,' Mr. Olmert said last Saturday. Hamas has denied receiving military assistance from Iran.
  18. ^ "Hamas wins huge majority". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2024-08-05.
  19. ^ McGreal, Chris (2006-01-27). "Hamas faces unexpected challenge: how to deal with power". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-08-05.
  20. ^ Davis 2017, pp. 67–69.
  21. ^ Mukhimer 2012, pp. vii, 58.
  22. ^ "The Gaza Strip | The humanitarian impact of 15 years of blockade – June 2022". Archived from the original on 9 April 2024. Retrieved 7 August 2024.
  23. ^ Gelvin 2014, p. 226
  24. ^ Seurat 2019, pp. 17–19: "Indeed, since 2006, Hamas has unceasingly highlighted its acceptance of the 1967 borders, as well as accords signed by the PLO and Israel. This position has been an integral part of reconciliation agreements between Hamas and Fatah since 2005: the Cairo Agreement in 2005, the Prisoners' Document in 2006, the Mecca Agreement in 2007 and finally the Cairo and Doha Agreements in 2011 and 2012."
  25. ^ *Baconi 2018, pp. 114–116: "["Prisoners' Document"] enshrined many issues that had already been settled, including statehood on the 1967 borders; UN Resolution 194 for the right of return; and the right to resist within the occupied territories...This agreement was in essence a key text that offered a platform for unity between Hamas and Fatah within internationally defined principles animating the Palestinian struggle." *Roy 2013, p. 210: "Khaled Meshal, as chief of Hamas's Political Bureau in Damascus, as well as Hamas prime minister Ismail Haniyeh similarly confirmed the organization's willingness to accept the June 4, 1967, borders and a two-state solution should Israel withdraw from the occupied territories, a reality reaffirmed in the 2006 Palestinian Prisoners' Document, in which most major Palestinian factions had reached a consensus on a two-state solution, that is, a Palestinian state within 1967 borders including East Jerusalem and the refugee right of return."
  26. ^ Baconi 2018, pp. 82: "The Cairo Declaration formalized what Hamas's military disposition throughout the Second Intifada had alluded to: that the movement's immediate political goals were informed by the desire to create a Palestinian state on the 1967 borders."
  27. ^ "Hamas accepts Palestinian state with 1967 borders: Khaled Meshaal presents a new document in which Hamas accepts 1967 borders without recognising state of Israel Gaza". Al Jazeera. 2 May 2017.
  28. ^ Sources that believe that Hamas' 2017 charter accepted the 1967 borders:
  29. ^ "What does Israel's declaration of war mean for Palestinians in Gaza?". Al Jazeera. 9 October 2023.
  30. ^ "What will the Israeli-Palestinian conflict look like in 30 years?". The Jerusalem Post. 22 September 2023. Even Hamas in 2017 said it was ready to accept a Palestinian state with 1967 borders if it is clear this is the consensus of the Palestinians.
  31. ^ *Halim Rane (2009). Reconstructing Jihad Amid Competing International Norms. p. 34. Asher Susser, director of the Dayan Centre at Tel Aviv University, conveyed to me in an interview that "Hamas' 'hudna' is not significantly different from Sharon's 'long-term interim agreement." Similarly, Daniel Levy, a senior Israeli official for the Geneva Initiative (GI), informed me that certain Hamas officials find the GI acceptable, but due to the concerns about their Islamically oriented constituency and their own Islamic identity, they would "have to express the final result in terms of a "hudna," or "indefinite" ceasefire," rather than a formal peace agreement."
    • Loren D. Lybarger (2020). Palestinian Chicago. University of California Press. p. 199. Hamas too would signal a willingness to accept a long-term "hudna" (cessation of hostilities, truce) along the armistice lines of 1948 (an effective acceptance of the two-state formula).
    • Tristan Dunning (2016). Hamas, Jihad and Popular Legitimacy. Routledge. pp. 179–180.
  32. ^ Baconi 2018, p. 108: "Hamas's finance minister in Gaza stated that 'a long-term ceasefire as understood by Hamas and a two-state settlement are the same. It's just a question of vocabulary.'"
  33. ^ Qossay Hamed (2023). Hamas in Power: The Question of Transformation. IGI Global. p. 161.
  34. ^ Seurat 2019, p. 17.
  35. ^ Amira, Hass (3 May 2017). "Why Hamas' New Charter Is Aimed at Palestinians, Not Israelis". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 23 April 2023. Retrieved 12 November 2024.
  36. ^ Timea Spitka (2023). National and International Civilian Protection Strategies in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. Springer International Publishing. pp. 88–89.
  37. ^ "Khaled Meshaal: Struggle is against Israel, not Jews". Al-Jazeera. 6 May 2017. Archived from the original on 19 November 2023. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
  38. ^ a b c Seurat 2022, p. 88.
  39. ^ Baconi 2018, p. 181.
  40. ^ Samuel Ramani (2015-09-01). "Hamas's Pivot to Saudi Arabia". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
  41. ^ Seurat 2022, p. 254.
  42. ^ Seurat 2022, p. 115,214.
  43. ^ "Canadian Policy on Key Issues in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict". Government of Canada. Archived from the original on 18 February 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2010.
  44. ^ "Movement and Access Restrictions in the West Bank: Uncertainty and Inefficiency in the Palestinian Economy" (PDF). World Bank. 9 May 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 April 2010. Retrieved 29 March 2010. Currently, freedom of movement and access for Palestinians within the West Bank is the exception rather than the norm contrary to the commitments undertaken in a number of Agreements between GOI and the PA. In particular, both the Oslo Accords and the Road Map were based on the principle that normal Palestinian economic and social life would be unimpeded by restrictions
  1. ^ Dates differ, between December 1987 – January 1988, and August 1988[1]
  2. ^ This has been interpreted by one Israeli analyst as a means of gaining time to consolidate its grip on power.[6]
  3. ^ "Hamas remains frank about its ultimate goal—the establishment of Islamic rule across historic Palestine. However, in recent years it has modified this to offer Israel a long-term hudra (truce), in return for the establishment of an independent state in the West Bank, Gaza Strip and East Jerusalem, which Israel has occupied since the 1967 war. This offer was first made by Sheikh Yassin in the mid-1990s, and is regularly repeated by Hamas leaders in an effort to demonstrate that the movement can adapt to circumstances. 'We are with a state on the 1967 borders, based on a long-term truce,' said Khaled Meshaal, the head of Hamas's Political Bureau, in Damascus in May 2009. Meshaal assumed leadership of the movement after Israel assassinated Sheikh Yassin, but steadfastly refused to recognize Israel and loaded his offer with conditions. Defining 'long-term' as ten years, he said the proposed state must include 'East Jerusalem, the dismantling of settlements and the right of return of the Palestinian refugees'."[8]
  4. ^ UK: /həˈmæs/ hə-MASS, US: /həˈmɑːs/ (listen) hə-MAHSS;[11] Script error: The function "langx" does not exist., ar[12]
  5. ^ commonly Script error: The function "langx" does not exist..
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