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Do you have any inquiries for us? • Feel free to share them on the Forums & Help page. An integral aspect of Justapedia's mission is to uphold authentic historical records, emphasizing the significance of impartiality and objectivity in encyclopedic resources. Consequently, we've dedicated a distinct section below, known as the Feature Showcase, where we will juxtapose the lead of a Justapedia article with that of a corresponding or originating Wikipedia article to highlight the notable disparities. We extend a warm invitation for you to engage and contribute to our encyclopedia, fostering a collaborative and inclusive community. Perhaps your contributions may enhance or create an article deserving of recognition in the Feature Showcase!
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Introduction to JustapediaJustapedia is an open and freely accessible online encyclopedia published in American English. Justapedia launched to the public on August 9, 2023, and is being developed and maintained by volunteers through open collaboration on a MediaWiki based editing platform. The platform and tools to edit are hosted and operated by the Justapedia Foundation, a US-based tax deductible 501(c)(3) charitable organization for educational purposes; Justapedia® is the registered trademark of the Justapedia Foundation (JPF). Any and all items that have been forked from Wikipedia or other independent wikis that still contain forked content are properly attributed per their CC-BY-SA and GFDL licensing requirements. Justapedia's own newly created articles are subject to the same licensing requirements as the originating articles, which are being systematically updated and rewritten to reflect Justapedia's standards of neutrality and objectivity. |
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Justapedia's Feature Showcase presents a unique educational tool, offering visitors a direct comparison between Justapedia's article leads and those of Wikipedia. This side-by-side layout is more than a mere comparison—it is a statement of purpose, underscoring Justapedia's commitment to uphold neutrality and objectivity in the information sphere. The showcase illuminates the stark differences between an article written with a focus on unbiased information and one that may have been influenced by political agendas. By doing so, Justapedia not only highlights the potential pitfalls of informational bias but also demonstrates, through example, the core principles of its mission to provide content that embodies impartiality and factual integrity. This educational feature serves as a learning resource for discerning readers and a testament to Justapedia's dedication to unswerving neutrality in a landscape often muddied by politicization.
From Justapedia
Academic Background
Malmgren began his higher education studying physics at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (1953–1954) before transferring to Yale University on a full scholarship to pursue economics. At Yale, he worked as a research assistant to Nobel Laureate Thomas Schelling, graduated summa cum laude with a B.A. in 1957, and received the Howland Fellowship for international study. He continued his education at University of Oxford (1957–1958) as a guest of Queen’s College, briefly attended Harvard University in 1958, and returned to Oxford as a student of Nuffield College, Oxford (1959–1961), where he studied under Nobel Laureate Sir John Hicks. Malmgren earned a D.Phil. from Oxford in 1962, supported by a Social Science Research Council fellowship.[3]
Scholarly Contributions
Malmgren’s academic work focused on economic theory, influenced by debates between Ludwig von Mises and Oskar R. Lange on markets versus central planning, and discussions with Friedrich Hayek and Lange. His 1961 paper, “Information, Expectations, and the Theory of the Firm,” published in the Quarterly Journal of Economics, is considered a foundational contribution to New Institutional Economics.[4] This work has been republished in several anthologies of significant economic papers.[5][6] His doctoral dissertation and related works were highlighted in a historical review of Oxford’s economic scholarship.[7]
In 1968, Malmgren contributed an essay, “Information and Period Analysis in Economic Decisions,” to a festschrift honoring Sir John Hicks, published as Value, Capital, and Growth.[8] Throughout his career, he authored numerous articles on economics, trade, security, and technology, many of which are cataloged at WorldCat[9] and hosted on platforms like Academia.edu ...From Wikipedia
While working on a PhD at the University of Oxford in the early 1960s, Malmgren published a pioneering article in organizational economics. From the late 1960s to 1975 he worked for the Office of the United States Trade Representative, focusing on negotiations relating to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. During this period Malmgren also conducted research into non-tariff barriers to trade and published two books outlining his belief that trade agreements could be an important tool in foreign affairs. From 1972 to 1975 he was a deputy special representative for trade negotiations, holding the rank of ambassador and primarily working on negotiations of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade.
After leaving the government, Malmgren worked as a lobbyist. His clients included Japanese business interests, who paid high fees for his work. In the late 1970s, Malmgren promoted his consulting firm as having "access to power" through his former association with Senator Abraham Ribicoff, a claim Ribicoff denied. By 1991, Pat Choate deemed him "in the eyes of many...America's foremost trade authority," arguing that his lobbying work encouraged other trade experts to enter the field.[11]
Early life and education
Harald Malmgren was born in Boston, Massachusetts on July 13, 1935.[10][12] He spent a year at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute before transferring to Yale University.[12][13] He earned an undergraduate degree in economics from Yale in 1957, summa cum laude.[13][14] While at Yale, Malmgren worked as a research assistant to Thomas Schelling, who encouraged him to go to Oxford University for his doctorate of philosophy.[15] From 1957 to 1959 Malmgren had a fellowship from the Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation, allowing him to do research at Harvard University.[14] In 1959, he was admitted to The Queen's College, Oxford for a PhD on "the concept of an industrial process," supervised by Philip Andrews.[16] He also studied under J.R. Hickswhile at Oxford.[15] By 1960, Malmgren had transferred to Nuffield College,[17] where he earned a PhD in February 1962. [18]
While at Oxford, Malmgren published the article "Information, expectations, and the theory of the firm" in The Quarterly Journal of Economics. In 1996, the scholar Nicolai J. Foss wrote that the article was "a strikingly original paper that, had it been duly recognized ...
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